The money and cycles forecasting approach suggested that global inflation would fall rapidly during 2023 but at the expense of significant economic weakness. The inflation forecast played out but activity proved more resilient than expected. What are the implications for the coming year?

One school of thought is that economic resilience will limit further inflation progress, resulting in central banks disappointing end-2023 market expectations for rate cuts, with negative implications for growth prospects for late 2024 / 2025.

A second scenario, favoured here, is that the economic impact of monetary tightening has been delayed rather than avoided, and a further inflation fall during H1 2024 will be accompanied by significant activity and labour market weakness, with corresponding underperformance of cyclical assets.

The dominant market view, by contrast, is that further inflation progress will allow central banks to ease pre-emptively and sufficiently to avoid material near-term weakness and lay the foundation for economic acceleration into 2025.

On the analysis here, the second scenario might warrant a two-thirds probability weighting versus one-sixth for the first and third. This assessment reflects several considerations.

First, on inflation, developments continue to play out in line with the simplistic “monetarist” proposition of a two-year lead from money to prices. G7 annual broad money growth formed a double top between June 2020 and February 2021 – mid-point October 2020 – and declined rapidly thereafter. Annual CPI inflation peaked in October 2022, falling by 60% by November 2023 – chart 1.

Chart 1

Chart 1 showing G7 Consumer Prices & Broad Money (% yoy)

Broad money growth returned to its pre-pandemic average in mid-2022 and continued to decline into early 2023. The suggestion is that inflation rates will return to targets by H2 2024 with a subsequent undershoot and no sustained revival before mid-2025.

Secondly, economic resilience in 2023 partly reflected post-pandemic demand / supply catch-up effects. On the demand side, an analytical mistake here was to downplay the supportive potential of an overhang of “excess” money balances following the 2020-21 monetary explosion. Globally, this excess stock has probably now been eliminated – chart 2.

Chart 2

Chart 2 showing Ratio of G7 + E7 Narrow Money to Nominal GDP June 1995 = 100

The moderate economic impact of monetary tightening to date, moreover, is consistent with historical experience. Major lows in G7 annual real narrow money momentum led lows in industrial output momentum by an average 12 months historically – chart 3. With a trough in the former reached as recently as August 2023, economic fall-out may not be fully apparent until H2 2024.

Chart 3

Chart 3 showing G7 Industrial Output & Real Narrow Money (% yoy)

The suggestion that economic downside is incomplete is supported by a revised assessment of cyclical influences. The previous hypothesis here was that the global stockbuilding cycle would bottom out in late 2023 and recover during 2024. Recent stockbuilding data, however, appear to signal that the cycle has extended, with a recovery pushed back until H2 2024.

The assumption of a late 2023 trough was based on a previous low in Q2 2020 and the average historical cycle length of 3 1/3 years. This seemed on track at mid-2023: G7 stockbuilding had crossed below its long-run average in Q1, consistent with a trough-compatible level being reached in H2 – chart 4. The downswing, however, was interrupted in Q2 / Q3, with a further decline likely to be necessary to complete the cycle and form the basis for a recovery.

Chart 4

Chart 4 showing G7 Stockbuilding as % of GDP (level)

A resumed drag from stockbuilding may be accompanied by a further slowdown or outright weakness in business investment, reflecting recent stagnation in real profits – chart 5. Capex is closely correlated with hiring decisions, so this also argues for a faster loosening of labour market conditions.

Chart 5

Chart 5 showing G7 Business Investment (% yoy) & Real Gross Domestic Operating Profits (% yoy)

Real narrow money momentum remains weaker in Europe than the US, suggesting continued economic underperformance and a more urgent need for policy relaxation – chart 6. Six-month rates of change are off the lows but need to rise significantly to warrant H2 recovery hopes. Globally, the US / European revivals have been partly offset by a further slowdown in China, suggesting still-weakening economic prospects.

Chart 6

Chart 6 showing Real Narrow Money (% 6m)

The frenetic rally of the final two months resulted in global equities delivering a strong return during 2023 despite the two “excess” money indicators tracked here* remaining negative throughout the year. The indicators, however, started flashing red around end-2021, since when the MSCI World index has slightly underperformed US dollar cash.

Historically (i.e. since 1970), equities outperformed cash on average only when both indicators were positive, a condition unlikely to be met until mid-2024 at the earliest.

The late 2023 rally was led by cyclical sectors as investors embraced a “soft landing” scenario. Non-tech cyclical sectors ended the year more than one standard deviation expensive relative to history versus defensive ex. energy sectors on a price / book basis – chart 7. Current prices appear to discount an early / strong PMI recovery, which the earlier discussion suggests is unlikely.

Chart 7

Chart 7 showing MSCI World Cyclical ex Tech* Relative to Defensive ex Energy Price / Book & Global Manufacturing PMI New Orders *Tech = IT & Communication Services

Quality stocks outperformed during 2023, reversing a relative loss in 2022 and consistent with the historical tendency when “excess” money readings were negative. Earlier underperformance partly reflected an inverse correlation with Treasury yields, a relationship now suggesting further catch-up potential.

Contributing factors to the dramatic underperformance of Chinese stocks during 2023 include excessively optimistic post-reopening economic expectations at end-2022 and unexpectedly restrictive monetary / fiscal policies. MSCI China is at a record** valuation discount to the rest of EM – chart 8 – while monetary / economic weakness suggests an early policy pivot.

Chart 8

Chart 8 showing MSCI China Price / Book & Forward P / E Relative to MSCI EM ex China

A key issue for 2024 is the extent to which central bank policy easing will revive money growth. While inflation is expected to trend lower into early 2025, the cycles framework suggests another upswing later this decade – the 54-year Kondratyev price / inflation cycle last peaked in 1974. Aggressive Fed easing 54 years ago – in 1970 – pushed annual broad money growth into double-digits the following year, creating the conditions for the final Kondratyev ascent. Signs that a similar scenario is playing out would warrant adding to inflation hedges.

*The differential between G7 plus E7 six-month real narrow money and industrial output momentum and the deviation of 12-month real narrow money momentum from a long-term moving average.

**Since June 2000. MSCI China included only B-shares through May 2000, when red chips and H-shares were added.

Corporate businesspeople shaking hands in an office.

Recent market movements have been driven by a decline in bond yields and a repricing of a more optimistic scenario, where growth is resilient and inflation figures are falling fast. While mid-term trends look supportive, persistently high inflation could point to later interest rate cuts than markets currently expect.

Small caps shine in Europe

We believe that growth will remain steady in 2024 despite potential economic contractions in some regions during the first half of the year. European small caps continue to look attractive compared to their larger counterparts. As illustrated below, small caps are near their largest historical discount relative to large caps. Several industries still trade at very low valuations and could benefit from a potential re-rating. We believe the end of the destocking phase combined with lower interest rates should help in regaining momentum for European small caps.

P/E of STOXX small caps vs STOXX large caps

Source: Goldman Sachs.

Wage growth: a silver lining

Real wage growth is another indicator showing positive signs. An increase in wage growth could be beneficial for consumers and the broader economy. Companies’ responses to growing labour costs will be a key determinant for financial markets in 2024. Companies with strong pricing power should be able to raise prices again. Others might scale back labour, cut investments or accept lower profits. In summary, we expect earnings growth to be erratic and modest in 2024.

Factor investing in a dry liquidity climate

Regarding factor investing, liquidity has dried up in 2023 and small caps are underinvested in compared with other asset classes. According to JP Morgan, small caps in Europe have experienced their worst 23-month outflows in the last 15 years. However, November’s positive inflows may indicate a shift toward a more optimistic sentiment. A return to more normalized monetary policy should gradually improve liquidity and investment flows during 2024. Much like the adage “cash is king,” investors are likely to continue rewarding companies with decent dividends and buybacks.

M&A: the untapped potential for small caps

M&A activity is another potential catalyst that would favour smaller companies. M&A in 2023 has been low, as shown by the chart below, with a 70% decrease primarily due to fewer foreign buyers. Corporate sentiment, equity valuations and monetary conditions are key drivers of M&A activity. Reasonable equity valuations along with a normalizing monetary policy should enhance corporate sentiment toward M&A. With positive sentiment and plenty of balance sheet resources, a potential pickup in M&A could greatly benefit smaller companies.

Sources: Goldman Sachs, Bloomberg.

Navigating tomorrow’s market

As small caps gain traction and M&A activity hints at resurgence, the market presents a complex puzzle. The real insight emerges in piecing together these fragments to understand where the next wave of growth will come from.

New house under construction is insulated with spray foam.

As winter approaches, homeowners are confronted with the need to turn on their heating systems and the higher costs of additional heating. This winter, many US consumers will likely pay even more to heat their homes because of surging fuel prices and colder weather forecasts.

The National Energy Assistance Directors Association predicts increased winter heating expenditures across the board, with electricity up 1.2%, propane 4.2% and heating oil 8.7%. Natural gas is expected to be down 7.8%. Air conditioning and heating are by far the biggest sources of home energy use, comprising 51% of household energy bills. A main reason energy bills spike in winter is due to inadequate insulation.

This is where Installed Building Products (IBP) comes in – and why we’ve invested in this company. This week, we’ll share insights into our investment process and approach to selecting companies like IBP that we believe are poised to generate shareholder value.

Who is Installed Building Products (IBP)?

Founded in 1977 and based in Columbus, Ohio, IBP is one of the largest insulation installers in the US. In the late 1990s, the company embarked on an ambitious acquisition strategy to expand its reach nationally. IBP went public in 2014, at which point it was generating $432 million in revenue with earnings of 2 cents a share. Last year, its revenue reached $2.6 billion with adjusted earnings of $8.95 per share.

Besides insulation, which makes up 60% of its revenue, IBP has diversified into complementary building products (waterproofing, fireproofing, garage doors, rain gutters and more) for both the residential and commercial construction markets.

Target market

  • Combined single family and multifamily insulation market has a ~$6 billion total addressable market (TAM).
  • Complementary products add another $4 billion TAM ($1.4 billion for garage doors, $1.1 billion for shower shelving and mirrors, $800 million for window blinds and $700 million for gutters).
  • Amount of insulation per home is increasing due to a greater focus on energy efficiency and stricter energy codes.
  • IBP’s largest competitor is TopBuild (they each rank #1 or #2 in different markets).

IBP has a cost advantage

Industry suppliers lack power. The fiberglass insulation manufacturing industry is highly consolidated, with four players accounting for all sales (Owens Cornings 40%, CertainTeed 20%, Knauf 20%, Johns Manville 20%). While the supplier concentration would suggest high pricing power, insulation manufacturing is a capital-intensive business with high fixed costs. Ovens cannot be easily shut on and off. As a result, manufacturers are incentivized to run their lines at high capacity to cover their fixed costs and get leverage. This makes the industry more competitive despite its concentration. Given IBP’s scale, it can buy insulation foam at a larger discount than smaller competitors and save big on costs.

IBP’s growth strategy

  • Organic growth is achieved through increasing penetration in developing markets.
  • On average, an established IBP branch generates ~$4,400 per residential permit versus $2,200 for a new developing branch.
  • Inorganic – M&A is part of IBP’s expansion story and it aims to acquire ~$100 million of revenue annually.

Strengths

  • Leading positions in insulation installation, with a 28% market share up from 5% in 2005.
  • M&A has been a part of its growth strategy since 1990.
  • Scale = ability to buy product cheaper than smaller competitors.

Weaknesses

  • Distribution arm is relatively small when compared to peer TopBuild.
  • No centralized ERP = branches could be competing for the same business.
  • Complementary products have lower margin due to current lack of scale.

Opportunities

  • Complementary products.
  • Capacity to penetrate developing markets.
  • Increasing residential building codes = higher revenue per unit.

Threats

  • Weakness in US residential markets.
  • Current supply constraints cap organic growth.
  • Supply shortage (COVID-19 period) or explosion/fire at a supplier plant (2018) can temporarily increase cost of raw material.

IBP management

IBP’s management, led by CEO Jeff Edwards since 2004, is a key part of the business’s success. Edwards, who joined the company in 1994 and became chairman in 1999, is one of its largest shareholders.

When we first spoke to Jeff and he walked us through how he built the business, we quickly realized he was a visionary leader with a solid plan for future growth.

He told us how he saw potential in the niche sideline of foam insulation. His rational was simple: every home, every building, needs insulation. He was not looking to reinvent the industry, but rather focused on delivering the best service to builders while acquiring successful businesses in various cities. The sales pitch to targets was also simple: being part of IBP means they can do what they like and not be bogged down by functions that aren’t core to their business, like insurance, human resources, accounting and payroll.

In 1994, IBP made its first acquisition with Freedom Construction in Columbus, Ohio, followed by several more in the ensuing years. The rest as they say is history.

Unseen value beyond the walls

Investment potential often lies hidden in plain sight, like the insulation in our walls. IBP has all the characteristics we look for in an investment: a small-cap company with what we believe to be tremendous growth potential with low debt, rapid revenue and earnings growth compared to its industry, and strong management.

Insulation may not be exciting, but not only does it conserve energy and reduce bills, it also represents a notable sector in our investment landscape. How often do investors overlook the potential in the ordinary and what opportunities might we uncover by paying closer attention to what others may miss?

Round checkboxes on white paper and an orange ballpoint pen.

2024 is shaping up to be a historically significant year for elections, with around half of the world’s population having the opportunity to vote. An estimated 76 countries will hold elections in 2024, including eight of the 10 most populated (Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Russia and the US). Europe will witness the most election activity, with 37 countries voting, followed by Africa with 18.

US elections: The world watches

The US election in November, when voters will choose the next president, the entire House of Representatives and a third of the Senate, is expected to dominate headlines. The most likely scenario is a rematch between President Joe Biden and Donald Trump.

The shifting focus of Europe’s political landscape

The European Parliament elections are in June and the topic of migration will likely be at the forefront of debates. If current trends persist, the EU could see the highest number of asylum applications since the 2015-16 refugee crisis. Once thought of as a solution to labour shortages, migrants are increasingly being viewed by some European politicians as a security threat, despite ongoing worker shortages. This could lead to a meaningful political shift toward stricter immigration controls.

Dutch elections: A sign of the times?

The Netherlands’ snap elections on November 22 were perhaps a glimpse of what is to come, with the far-right Freedom Party led by Geert Wilders winning unexpectedly. No party achieved more than 25% of the vote, necessitating coalition talks that could stretch well into 2024. In addition to a strict stance on immigration, the Freedom Party campaign included higher taxes on banks, which negatively impacted Dutch bank stocks the following day. However, the Amsterdam Stock Exchange remained stable after the election due to the pending coalition formation.

Poland’s election results as a market catalyst

Poland’s October elections saw a major upheaval, with the long-ruling nationalist party being replaced by pro-Europe parties, lifting Polish markets the following day.

From voting booths to market trends

That is not to say all elections wield the same influence. Russia’s elections are unlikely to challenge Vladimir Putin’s stronghold. Brazil and Turkey will hold local or municipal elections, while the EU will elect its next parliament.

India, the world’s largest democracy, is likely to see Modi’s party re-elected in May despite some recent discontent. Indonesia will also hold elections early in the new year.

Taiwan’s January elections, important for their geopolitical implications, are expected to see the pro-independence party maintain control. It remains to be seen how the country’s relationship with China will develop from there.

Understanding the election effect on markets

US Bank reports that the S&P 500 Index typically experiences lower returns due to investor uncertainty before US presidential elections, with stronger returns in the following year regardless of the election outcome. Notably, returns tend to be higher when an incumbent party is re-elected and when one party wins decisively, suggesting larger policy changes.

Investing smart in election years

We believe our diversified portfolio is especially critical in periods of uncertainty. Election outcomes can heavily influence economic policies, affecting taxation, regulations and economic reforms. These changes have the power to shape various sectors and industries in profound ways. Safeguarding your investments by diversifying across different securities and industries is a wise strategy.

The role of quality companies

Quality companies that demonstrate enduring strength, guided by capable management and driven by long-term secular trends are well-equipped to weather the market’s ups and downs. Their resilience and adaptability often become key to their sustained success, offering a more grounded perspective for investors looking beyond the immediate horizon of shifting politics.

Lower Manhattan skyline at sunset on an overcast day.

The US commercial real estate (CRE) sector is experiencing heightened concerns due to increasing interest rates and diminishing credit availability. In the third quarter, US banks faced challenges from the CRE loans in their portfolios. For instance, Morgan Stanley allocated an additional $134 million for credit losses, in addition to the $161 million provisioned in the previous quarter, attributing this to worsening conditions in the CRE sector. Bank of America saw its nonperforming loans surge by $707 million, reaching $4.8 billion in the third quarter, driven primarily by CRE.

While it might seem like the entire sector is facing turmoil, it is important to note that CRE includes a wide range of assets. Segments like industrial, retail and hotels remain relatively stable, whereas offices spaces are facing substantial difficulties.

JLL reports that the US office vacancy rate has soared to 21%, a peak not seen in over 25 years as of Q3 2023. The imbalance between supply and demand is reflected in the 18.3 million square feet of negative net absorption, contributing to an annual total occupancy loss of 51 million square feet, although the vacancy rate differs significantly between the high-quality segment of the office market and the more obsolete ones.

Furthermore, the Trepp CMBS Special Servicing Rates for offices, which tracks the share of loans at risk of default, surged to over 8%, the highest since May 2017. This increase suggests more challenges ahead.

The sector also faces a huge refinancing hurdle. From 2023 to 2025, nearly $1.36 trillion in CRE loans will mature, a quarter of which are collateralized by office properties. Even with prevailing rates, new lending rates are likely to be 3.5 to 4.5 percentage points higher than existing mortgages.

The combination of high vacancy rates and rising interest rates complicates refinancing efforts. Lenders and CMBS investors have significantly tightened underwriting standards, pushing the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio to around 53%, the lowest in 23 years, and well below the historical average of around 65%.

This shift and higher financing costs could devalue office properties by around 20% for prime buildings and over 60% for lower-quality ones. While public market valuations are resetting, the private market has been slower to respond. A narrowing valuation gap between these markets is expected as risks persist.

The increase in office landlords defaulting on loans is concerning, with some properties falling below their mortgage values, prompting landlords to surrender properties to lenders. Even leading office owners like Pacific Investment Management Co. and Brookfield defaulted on their mortgages earlier this year. Most landlords have managed to maintain their mortgages due to typically long-term office leases, but as more mortgages come up for renewal, we expect an increase in defaults.

The typical capital structure in CRE is around 30% to 40% equity and 60% to 70% debt, with banks owning around 60% of the loans. Therefore, there is concern that the challenges in the CRE, especially the office sector, may trigger another banking crisis.

The basic problem is an oversupply of office space. Solutions like converting office spaces to residential use are being discussed, but only 10% to 15% of US offices are suitable for residential conversion. Government support may be necessary to incentivize and facilitate these conversions. Cities like Boston, New York, Washington DC, Chicago, Portland, Los Angeles and the Bay Area have already started incentivizing office conversions since the pandemic.

In our portfolios, we hold a few positions with exposure to commercial real estate:

IWG, which we talked about in a recent commentary, is the world’s largest provider of workspace solutions. While the growth outlook for traditional offices is in question, demand for flexible workspace has been growing, driven by the structural growth in flexible and hybrid working. Higher vacancy rates at office buildings also allow IWG to negotiate better lease terms with landlords. With a major competitor WeWork fading out of the landscape, IWG is well-positioned to expand its network.

Savills, established in 1855, is a leading global real estate advisor with expertise in various segments including residential, office, industrial, retail, leisure, healthcare, rural and hotel property, and mixed-use development schemes. Its revenue is diversified, with 40% from transaction advisory (30% commercial, 10% residential), and 60% from stable segments like investment management and property management. Despite a decline in transaction advisory business in the first half of the year, revenue growth in property management has kept its business relatively stable. Savills generates over 85% of its revenue from the UK, Asia Pacific, Continental Europe and the Middle East, with less than 15% from North America. Office occupancy rates are higher in Asia Pacific (79%) and Europe (75%) compared to the Americas (50%), suggesting less distress in these regions. Savills has a strong balance sheet to weather the current turbulent times.

The hotel sector, while hit hard during the pandemic, is recovering faster than offices. With international borders reopening and a surge in travel demand, hotel occupancies, especially in cities like London, New York and Tokyo, are improving and contributing to a strong investment outlook supported by fundamental performance.

Melia Hotels, a major holding in our strategies, is seeing strong bookings and improvements in occupancies and RevPAR. The company operates 350 hotels, with nearly 92,000 rooms globally. Despite its quality assets, it is trading at a significant discount to its net asset value, but increasing transaction volumes in the industry at higher multiples may reduce this discount.

We recently initiated a position in Hoshino Resorts REITs (HRR). Sponsored by Hoshino Resort, HRR has an extensive hotel portfolio, including upscale resorts and city hotels. Its flagship hotels managed by Hoshino Resorts show a strong recovery, with RevPAR 20% above pre-pandemic levels.

Despite ongoing challenges in the CRE industry, we believe the resilient business models and strong balance sheets of the companies in our portfolios will help them navigate these difficulties.

The angel of independence, located in Paseo de la Reforma Avenue, Mexico City.

Within the emerging market universe, plenty of ink has been spilt on extreme pessimism regarding China and over-the-top optimism around India. Yet, as the following chart shows, small-cap stocks in Mexico have quietly been a top performer in the post-pandemic period.

Mexico’s unforeseen rise 

Growing tension between China and the US has positioned Mexico as an unintended beneficiary due to its geography and the trend among companies to shock-proof their supply chains through nearshoring.

Will this time be different? 

As noted in an earlier weekly, we recently met with companies across various sectors in Mexico and most of the executives we spoke to seemed convinced that the nearshoring wave was sustainable while also being realistic about the challenges ahead.

They have good reason to be pragmatic. The last time the economic stars aligned for Mexico via NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in 1994, the country delivered mediocre growth of around 2% and watched on the sidelines as China took full advantage of a shift in manufacturing from the West. The question now is if the outcome will be any different this time. 

The nearshoring challenge trifecta 

Mexico’s ascent as a key supplier to the US can be traced to three key events: Trump’s tariffs on China in 2018, the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) that raised the bar for North American product content requirements and pandemic-induced supply chain disruptions. These factors, coupled with deteriorating US-China relations, have led to Mexico surpassing China as a supplier to the US this year.

However, as emerging market investors, we know that structural tailwinds that are attractive and advantageous today don’t preordain good outcomes. Our conversations with Mexican executives at the recent LatAm conference gave us a good reality check on the constraints they face on the ground, from infrastructure and water supply to the political climate. 

Electric dreams, grounded realities

While Mexico generates sufficient power, it struggles with inadequate transmission infrastructure in its north that hinders industrial growth. We spoke to two industrial REIT developers that had to build their own power systems, passing those costs to customers. For perspective, Mexico’s state utility, CFE, built 150 kms of transmission lines in 2022 compared to Brazil’s Electrobras’ 8,679 kms. 

Parched prospects

Water availability is another constraint, especially in Nuevo Leon, home to the populous city of Monterrey and the large, water-hungry beverage industry that includes Heineken and Arca Continental, one of Latam’s largest Coke bottlers that extracts billions of gallons of water under federal concessions. As recently as 2022, Mexico had declared a drought in the state of Nuevo Leon and yet Tesla plans to open a factory there.

The political maze 

The final speed breaker to the nearshoring story could be politics and a volatile security situation by the US border. On the political front, Mexico’s President recently demanded that airport operators in Mexico reduce their tariffs even though they were bound by law via a concession system instituted in 1998. In terms of security concerns, the cities of Juarez and Tijuana, while strategically located across the border from California and Texas, have a history of gang violence and cartels profiting from piracy and counterfeiting.

Mexico’s unique competitive edge 

Despite these hurdles, Mexico offers several advantages, including lower labour costs compared to China, a younger workforce and significant investment in GDP, particularly in nearshoring and public infrastructure projects. 

Unlocking nearshoring potential 

With plenty of natural resources, a faster lead time and shorter distance to market, we think Mexico can continue to benefit from current trends with some policy support. Our Mexican holdings offer three different ways to access the nearshoring theme. 

Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua (GCC MM) – Primarily selling cement in the US, GCC also operates in Chihuahua. It benefits from strong volume demand generated by the region’s growing industrial sector, particularly maquiladoras and warehouses near the Texas border. Recently, GCC expanded its Samalayuca plant and now supplies cement to about 85 projects in Northern Mexico, serving clients like Foxconn, Wistron and Pegatron.

Regional SAB de CV (RA MM) – Known as “Banregio,” this Mexican bank specializes in lending to small and medium enterprises, with a strong focus in Neuvo Leon, its home state and a big beneficiary of the nearshoring trend. With about 45% of its assets in the region, Banregio is poised to benefit from the growth of industries supporting multinational corporations relocating to Mexico, thanks to low credit penetration and an expected easing cycle.

Grupo Aeroportuario Del Centro Norte (OMAB MM) – OMA, managing 13 airports in Central and Northern Mexico, sees its largest traffic accounting for nearly half of its total at Monterrey Airport. Despite recent concerns about tariff cuts, we remain positive on OMA both for its exposure to nearshoring and potential for growth in its commercial business. The company operates six airports closely tied to nearshoring, covering 33.5 million square metres of industrial gross leasable area, about 35% of Mexico’s total.

A crucial crossroads 

The real intrigue lies not in what Mexico has already achieved, but in what it could accomplish moving forward. Will it leverage its current position to create a more diversified, resilient economy, or will it repeat the patterns of the past? As global dynamics continue to shift, Mexico could be a big winner and serve as a blueprint for other emerging markets navigating the balance between risk and opportunity.

Bird's eye view of a young brunette woman and a senior woman using their devices while sharing a desk.

WeWork’s downfall and IWG’s ascent 

Last week, WeWork, once regarded as the world’s most valuable start up, declared bankruptcy. This decision followed weeks of speculation. WeWork’s mission of being the leading global co-working community came to an end due to its relentless pursuit of growth. Its initial misrepresentation as a tech company and consistent cash burn from unprofitable leases indicated overambition from the start. This development provides an interesting opportunity for one of our holdings.

With WeWork’s restructuring of its extensive 700-plus-location portfolio, IWG (IWG LN) stands to benefit from less competition and an opportunity to expand its own network. For years, WeWork imposed pricing pressures to attract members. Now, this industry-wide pressure should ease, to IWG’s benefit.

IWG, the world’s largest provider of workspace solutions, began its operations in Brussels over 30 years ago. With more than 4,000 locations across 120 countries, its early entry into the market has been advantageous. The company is currently trading at 5.44x EV/EBITDA, a notable multi-year low. It has demonstrated strong pricing power and momentum, with revenues up 14% in the first half of 2023, totaling a record £1.7 billion. The company has focused on revenue growth and free cash flow generation, which has helped strengthen its balance sheet by lowering net debt.

Several years ago, to boost its top line and margins, the company introduced a capital-light business model. This model is particularly interesting due to the lower CAPEX requirements because of sharing agreements with building landlords for office space renovations. IWG partners with landlords for management, operations and member recruitment in return for a management fee. Additionally, the model includes franchise agreements in two forms. The first involves master franchise agreements, where a partner buys out an existing IWG portfolio and commits to additional office roll outs, paying a franchise fee. The second form involves franchised locations in existing markets, where IWG partners with smaller franchise owners to open new centres in markets that IWG already has presence in. This strategy has gained traction, with 582 new centres opened this year compared to 421 in 2022.

For the last couple of years, IWG was affected by its association with WeWork, trading in parallel despite superior financial performance. Though the pandemic took a toll on the coworking sector, IWG continued to generate strong positive free cash flow and EBITDA margins consistent with the company’s historic levels. In contrast, WeWork was aiming to grow revenues, but showed negative EBITDA margins and free cash flow.

Source: Bloomberg.

Around September 2022, IWG’s stock price finally decoupled from WeWork’s as the troubles continued to brew for the latter. Following Q2 2022 results, it became evident that despite growing occupancy at WeWork offices, it continued to offer price cuts to members to contain retention rates unlike IWG that not only grew occupancy but was beginning to raise prices, a trend continuing to date.

In the current market, which still seems to favour some growth stocks with weak financials, we continue to prioritize companies with healthy balance sheets and promising profitable growth prospects.

Stack of folded cloths in an industrial laundry.

Investment opportunities can be found in every industry, though some may be easier to get excited about than others. However, as many astute investors, including Warren Buffett, have noted, “boring” companies and business models can be just as profitable as those flavour-of-the-month stocks. This week, we profile ELIS SA (ELIS FP), a boring company that Global Alpha got excited for.

Based in Europe, Elis specializes in renting and maintaining flat linen, workwear and hygiene appliances. Founded in 1883 in France, Elis operated as a family business for three generations before going through several leveraged buyouts and ultimately going public in 2015. The company has 440 production and distribution centres across 30 countries and a workforce of over 50,000 employees. With 75% of its revenues derived from markets where it leads, Elis is a dominant force.

Elis caters to a broad spectrum of customers, from hospitals needing linen to industrial companies needing uniforms exposed to dirt or chemicals, to small kitchens preferring not to manage towel cleaning in-house. Elis’s full-service solution relieves customers of managing inventory, ordering replacements or cleaning – handling all of the buying, renting and logistics. Customers have the option of variable pricing based on usage and service frequency or a fixed rate, typically under four-year contracts. Revenue is split almost equally between corporate and smaller businesses.

The textile rental market has seen growth, gradually replacing customer-owned textiles in the last decade, driven by cost savings, efficiency, improved hygiene standards and ESG commitments. Elis’s competitive advantage is its scale; its model is most efficient in densely populated areas, optimizing logistics and maintain margins. Elis strategically expands through acquisitions, improving its geographical presence to best utilize its distribution centres. This strategy has been paying off. In 2009, Elis derived 80% of its revenue from France, compared to less than a third today. More recently, it also started operating in Mexico through an acquisition that immediately made it the country’s largest player.

It’s worth taking a moment to explore the sustainability benefits of Elis’s solutions. As companies become increasingly mindful of their energy and resource use, they are also paying more attention to the companies they outsource to. Elis holds up very well under this scrutiny. The company has implemented various initiatives and made commitments to reduce its environmental footprint. For example, it pledged to cut water consumption per kilogram of linen processed by 50% by 2025, using 2010 as a baseline, and it has already achieved a 43% reduction by 2022. The company has also vowed to lower energy consumption by 35%, transitioning its fleet to alternative vehicles and reusing 80% of its end-of-life textiles. None of its clients have the capacity nor the inclination to manage their linen and workwear-related environmental impact as effectively. Furthermore, Elis offers ancillary services that directly help clients in reducing their own footprint, such as reusable scrubs in healthcare facilities that reduce CO2 emissions between 31% and 62% compared to disposable scrubs, or cloth roller hand towels that reduce emissions by 30% compared to disposable paper towels.

What makes Elis an appealing investment for us? It stands out with significant market share, a strong brand and a sustainable competitive advantage. It operates a resilient, non-cyclical industrial service with a business model adaptable to external disruptions. From COVID-19 and energy price shocks to wage inflation, the company has adeptly navigated recent macroeconomic events, maintaining its pricing power and protecting profits. With its strong free cashflow and flexible cost structure, we believe Elis is well-equipped to manage debt, and engage in strategic M&A and share buybacks, positioning it to excel in both bear and bull markets.

While a linen rental business may not intrigue everyone, our focus remains on identifying quality companies at reasonable valuations, no matter the industry.

Geothermal power plant in Iceland. Blue Lagoon.

Following the recent events in Israel, we would like to commend the management of Ormat Technologies for maintaining open lines of communication during this extremely stressful period. Ormat, a portfolio company based in Tel Aviv, entirely produces electricity from alternative sources located outside of Israel, which remain operationally unaffected by the turmoil. Although the company has a geothermal equipment production facility in Israel, it exclusively supplies international clients and equipment sales represent less than 12% of the company’s revenues.  

Economic factors and market dynamics 

Major geopolitical events like we are witnessing in Israel certainly do not help the case for $40 oil. Add  in high levels of government spending, increased regulations and large wage increases and  inflation remains well-supported. As we await a downturn to counterbalance, we can expect volatility in commodities prices, especially with oil, as the Middle East conflict continues.  

As the developed world spends its way toward decarbonization, analysts are attempting to predict peak oil production. The International Energy Agency (IEA) believes we are nearing that point while OPEC expects global demand to reach 116 million barrels per day (bpd) by 2045, up from 99.6 million bpd in 2022. OPEC has also made clear the potential for a higher jump. Growth is likely to be fueled by India, China, other Asian countries, Africa and the Middle East 

North American oil consumption and supply-side economics

Local oil consumption in North America continues to be moderate, as the adoption of electric vehicles and other alternative fuels gain momentum. However, supply-side economics seem to support a buoyant environment for oil service companies. Shale wells in North America offer very poor long-term output performance, with decline rates for oil wells exceeding 35% and losing an additional 0.5% each year. To maintain supply levels, oil companies must continuously explore, plan and drill new wells. As a result, regions such as the Permian Basin in West Texas are likely to remain active hubs for drilling and completion activities, especially if oil prices make exports profitable. In addition, many oil service companies are diversifying into new sustainable segments within the broader energy market, areas such as hydrogen, renewable gases, recycled water, etc. This has led the industry to re-position itself as an energy services provider rather than focusing solely on oil and gas.  

Innovations in energy service companies 

Global Alpha is invested in NOW Inc. (DNOW:US), a company that is using its extensive energy-industrial distribution network to launch its own carbon capture equipment. As well, its new Ecovapor technology reduces flaring while producing much cleaner gas.

Energy service companies are preparing for future market trends that are likely to garner investor attention. One notable event this year was the annual geothermal industry gathering in Reno, which attracted over 1,500 attendees. What set this year apart was the significant presence of oil & gas service industry professionals.  

Geothermal energy: the next frontier 

The concept of “Geothermal Anywhere” or “Geothermal 2.0” is gaining traction. This involves leveraging inexpensive deep, high-temperature wells to operate geothermal plants beyond the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire” high-temperature zones.  

Estimates suggest that as much as 8% of the US’s entire energy production could come from geothermal sources, provided that feasibility and costs are optimized. Achieving this goal requires overcoming certain technical challenges, such as drilling into 250-degree rock three kilometres underground without causing significant equipment damage. Given the incredible advances in shale drilling technology over the last decade, chances are these issues will be solved.  

The addressable market is sizeable. Currently standing at $7 billion, geothermal capacity is 31 GW within a total 1,293 GW of US energy capacity. According to a 2019 publication by the US Department of Energy, the number of potential geothermal sites could exceed 5,000 GW. If the goal is to increase the share of geothermal energy from 2.3% to 8%, the market opportunity could surpass $25 billion in the US 

Investing in energy service companies 

We have exposure to the oil service industry through our investments in Austria-based Schoeller-Bleckmann (SBO:AV), which specializes in advanced drilling solutions. We also own Helmrich and Payne (HP:US), a leading energy service company in North America. HP has already invested in six  geothermal startups that tackle complex technical issues related to deep geothermal energy.  

It’s important to note that, in the short term, oil and gas service companies remain sensitive to the cyclical nature of drilling activities. The Baker Hughes rig count index, currently at a low of around 600 rigs, suggests that we might be approaching a trough, as these levels are near historical lows. Together with growing decarbonization markets, the new energy service industry is certainly an interesting place to be. 

The future of geothermal and our investment outlook

As markets focusing on reducing carbon emissions continue to expand, the evolving energy services industry is worth watching. If venture capital continues to flow into the Geothermal 2.0 concept and becomes a reality, our long-term holding in Ormat, already the industry leader in geothermal energy production, stands to gain. At present, the company has a robust pipeline of geothermal projects that use its patented shallow-drilling, low-heat technology, known as binary exchange. Even without Geothermal 2.0 as a new market segment, geothermal energy is already experiencing rapid growth, thanks in part to its ability to provide stable, non-peak electricity, complementing the variable output of solar and wind energy. 

As we adapt to a transitioning energy landscape, the confluence of traditional drilling expertise and emerging sustainable technologies may not just redefine the energy sector, but also reshape how we think about long-term investment opportunities. 

Estaiada's bridge night aerial view of São Paulo, Brazil's financial center.

Last week, our Emerging Markets (EM) team attended a fruitful Latin American (LatAm) conference in New York, hosted by BTG Pactual, the region’s leading investment bank. The event showcased a variety of promising investment ideas and featured rich discussions and robust participation. Hundreds of investors from around the world convened to meet with the c-suite executives and founders of about 200 companies, mainly from Mexico and Brazil.

Keynote speaker Stephen Schwarzman of Blackstone shared his view on the global geopolitical landscape and the current state of the US economy. He underscored the importance of constantly reinventing business models and taking risks in pioneering new products and services as a foundation for business durability.

Throughout the three-day conference, we conducted insightful meetings with 22 companies operating in the consumer, industrial, healthcare, financial, technology, energy, materials and real estate sectors providing a wide view of the LatAm economic landscape. In most of the conversations, we sensed cautious optimism, mainly driven by monetary easing and nearshoring trends. While most developed countries are grappling with inflation, many LatAm nations are in a disinflationary environment. Central banks in Chile, Brazil and Peru have already started cutting rates, with Colombia and Mexico expected to follow suit this year.

Nearshoring is a topic we’ve explored in previous writings, and it was a dominant theme among Mexican companies at the conference. Many see nearshoring-driven demand as structural and sustainable, providing ample growth opportunities across multiple sectors as global supply chains move to Mexico.

However, challenges do exist, such as infrastructural inadequacies, both industrial and residential (e.g., power and water availability, housing supply for labour), erratic political and regulatory climates, bureaucratic complexities and looming uncertainties around the upcoming elections in Mexico and the US. A possible spillover effect of “higher for longer rates” in the US also looms as a source of concern, potentially putting pressure on LatAm currencies amid the decoupling of monetary policies and eventual slowdown of the easing cycle in the region. Another area of concern is the ongoing tax reform in Brazil, well-known for its highly complicated tax system requiring nothing less than a PhD in law to properly understand all of its intricacies.

As for the top picks, we identified several promising opportunities that you might read about in our future commentaries, including:

  • Brazil’s largest operator of private oncology clinics and hospitals. The company leverages its strong brand and reputation, running a proven and scalable business model in a massive and dynamically growing market.
  • A fast-growing Brazilian athleisure brand enjoying strong brand awareness, a nimble operating model with great economics and ample white space for expansion.
  • The leading B2B online solutions provider to micro and small businesses, with a promising new product pipeline, well positioned for the digital transformation in Brazil with still low ecommerce penetration.

We also met with some of our LatAm holdings at the conference, including Odontoprev (ODPV3 BZ), which we initiated after our meeting with its management team at last year’s conference. Founded in 1987 by a group of dentists, Odontoprev is Brazil’s largest dental benefits provider, with over 8.4 million members and a cross-country network of 26,000 dentists. The company offers customized products to corporate customers and off-the-shelf products to SMEs and individuals, while leveraging its exclusive distribution network in a partnership with strategic shareholder, Bradesco. Its industry focus, well-established footprint, brand portfolio and proprietary dental tech infrastructure make it a standout among its peers. The company is run by a strong management team with a sound track record and rich industry expertise. Odontoprev has an asset-light business model and a low capex requirement with negative working capital generating high cashflow, resulting in a strong balance sheet in a net cash position. The company is a proven compounder with a 16% and 22% compound annual growth rate of revenue and net income, respectively, since its IPO in 2006.

The dynamics of EM, particularly in LatAm, are as layered as they are compelling. The investment choices we make today, be they cautious or bold, will have lasting implications.