Small caps are earning another look

This is the second in a two-part series on small caps. Last week, we looked at historical small caps performance, recent small caps performance and the reasons behind the unexpected. This week, we dive into what this means for allocators and skeptics.

Small caps have captured the attention of allocators, what with their outperformance of large caps, their durability through economic surprises and the access they offer outside of the crowded top ten mega caps. How does this information impact portfolio allocations?

Implementation: where the allocator’s choices can make a difference

The case for small caps is strongest when implementation is treated as part of the allocation decision. In a broad and inefficient universe, choosing active over passive, quality over the index, and a global opportunity set can make a meaningful difference. What needs to be considered when it comes to portfolio allocation?

Active over passive

We’ve previously discussed eVestment peer universe data showing the median active manager added value in Global and EAFE small cap. As of May 31, 2026, according to eVestment peer universe data the median EAFE small-cap manager has delivered 1.75% higher returns than the  MSCI EAFE Small Cap index, since the inception of our respective strategies.

BofA Global Research notes that small-cap active managers have posted better hit rates than large-cap active managers in seven of the last 11 years through 2025. The opportunity set supports it: BofA shows the long-run annualized Quintile 1 versus Quintile 5 spread for the FCF/EV factor within the Russell 2000 is approximately 20 percentage points, versus 7 within the Russell 1000.

Quality over the index

As we argued in our December 2025 commentary, “Time to take out the trash – Why high ROE matters in the long run,” the global small-cap universe contains over 12,000 names and the dispersion between the best and worst businesses is enormous.

Global breadth, with a regional lens

EAFE small caps are, in our view, the strongest within-asset-class call today. The European valuation gap to long-term averages is wide, the regional economies are at different points in their cycles, and the structural themes – German fiscal deployment, European industrial policy, Japanese reform – sit disproportionately in this universe.

Four objections to small caps, and what the evidence actually shows

If the historical evidence supports investing in small caps, and allocators have the opportunity to actively make a difference within portfolios, why aren’t small caps more heavily weighted? The four objections below come up most often in our conversations with allocators.

« Small caps are too volatile in this environment. »

But BofA Global Research’s May 2026 data documents that the realized volatility of the Russell 2000 has been lower than the S&P 500 during this decade’s worst weeks – a reversal of the prior pattern. The same has held year to date through the Iran war, and through several recent stress episodes (Brexit 2016, Taper Tantrum 2013, COVID 2020, tariffs 2025).

Reality is the dispersion in S&P 500 names has compressed as concentration has risen, while small-cap volatility no longer carries the size premium it once did. Volatility is no longer the reason to avoid the asset class.

« The small-cap index has become a junk bucket of non-earners and unprofitable biotechs. »

This was true through 2022. It is becoming less true. The median ROE of the Russell 2000 has been rising off multi-decade lows, the share of non-earners has begun to decline, the Russell 2000 saw more upgrades to the Russell 1000 than downgrades in the 2023 and 2024 rebalances and the share of US IPOs with negative earnings has fallen from roughly 80% during the 2020–22 bubble to approximately 60% year to date.

The S&P 600, which applies a profitability screen, currently has only about 10% non-earners against approximately 32% in the Russell 2000 – a structural choice available to any allocator concerned about index composition. As we argued before, high-ROE small caps have, over multi-year horizons, materially outperformed their lower-quality peers; quality selection is the answer to this objection, not avoidance of the asset class.

« Active managers can’t beat the small-cap index – look at 2025. »

2025 was the worst year on record for active small cap managers, with roughly 15% beating the Russell 2000 (BofA). It was also one of the most extreme low-quality rallies of the past decade. Active small cap managers tend to be structurally tilted toward quality, which is precisely the wrong tilt during a junk-led move. The longer-run picture is different. As above, active small cap managers have posted better hit rates than active large cap managers in seven of the last 11 years. The 2025 episode is best understood as an extreme drawdown in a strategy that has otherwise compounded reliably, not as evidence that the asset class is too efficient for active management.

« We should wait for rate cuts before adding small caps. »

Two pieces of evidence cut against this. First, per Kepler Cheuvreux, the historical correlation between European small-cap relative performance and the German Bund yield has materially weakened since early 2025. The asset class has been outperforming through rising rates, not waiting for them to fall. Second, per BofA, what matters more for small-cap performance than rates per se is the corporate profits cycle: in periods of accelerating EPS growth, US small caps have averaged 18–19% annual returns regardless of whether GDP was accelerating or decelerating, with the highest average and best hit rate in accelerating EPS combined with decelerating GDP.

The current Russell 2000 forward P/E of approximately 16.9x implies roughly 8% annualized 10-year returns based on the historical regression (BofA, R-squared 0.46). The setup does not require a particular rate path to work.

The case against small caps often rests on backward-looking assumptions: higher volatility, weaker quality, poor active outcomes and rate dependence. But recent evidence is showing us that those assumptions need to be revisited.

Sizing: the wrong question, asked the right way

Clients regularly ask how much small cap is the right amount. In our September 2025 article, “Why small caps are built for what’s next,”* we shared that our typical recommendation falls between 5% and 15%, and the precise figure matters less than the choice to size the allocation meaningfully in the first place. A four-asset mean-variance optimization on EAFE and US large and small caps – using eVestment median manager returns from January 1999 to June 2025 – produces an efficient frontier on which an all-large-cap portfolio does not sit. The closest efficient point combines roughly 30% small caps with 70% US large caps at the same volatility level, with higher expected returns. The number will vary with assumptions; the qualitative conclusion does not.

The harder question for most allocators is not 5% versus 15%. It is whether the strategic underweight that has accumulated over a decade of large-cap dominance gets revisited at all. The structural arguments stand on their own.

The recent evidence – small-cap outperformance through a genuinely difficult macro backdrop, broad-based across sectors, decoupled from bond yields, supported by a valuation gap that has if anything widened, and an index whose quality composition is improving from its 2022 lows – reinforces the timing. The objections can keep coming, but we can see through them with evidence-backed rebuttals. Allocators can make a clear difference. We think the case for revisiting the underweight is as clear as it has been in years.

Global Alpha was founded on the conviction that small caps are an inefficient asset class in which an experienced team can generate alpha across a full cycle. We are happy to discuss how a small-cap allocation can be sized within a particular plan’s constraints, and how our Global and International Small Cap strategies have navigated the recent environment.

* Contact us for a copy of this article.

Think big. Buy small caps

This is a two-part series on small caps. This week, we look at historical small caps performance, recent small caps performance and the reasons behind the unexpected. Next week, we’ll dive into what this means for allocators and skeptics.

 

The case for a meaningful small-cap allocation in institutional portfolios

Small caps have just done something the textbook says they should not have. Since the Middle East conflict began at the end of February 2026, small caps have outperformed large caps on both sides of the Atlantic – through an oil-price spike, a sharp re-pricing of European front-end rates and deeply negative eurozone economic surprises. Inside those headline numbers, that is not the behaviour of an asset class to be avoided.

Source: Bloomberg

 

Small caps have outperformed large caps on both sides of the Atlantic for the last two years.

Source: Bloomberg

 

Crowded at the top, despite a universe of options

MSCI’s classification methodology defines small caps as roughly the bottom 14% of free-float market capitalization in each country it covers. This creates a universe that spans over 12,000 listed companies and the institutional allocation to that universe has, if anything, contracted. Even within the S&P 500, long-only funds remain overweight the largest quintile by market cap and underweight the smallest. The result is a public-equity allocation that, for all its sophistication, is structurally tethered to the same fifty or so mega-caps that everyone else owns.

As we observed in our September 2025 article, “Why small caps are built for what’s next,”* three of the four episodes of extreme S&P 500 top-ten concentration over the past century – the Go-Go conglomerate years, the Nifty Fifty, and the dot-com boom – were each followed by extended periods of small-cap leadership. Top-ten concentration at the dot-com peak reached 37.0%; today it stands at roughly 40%. The fourth episode, today’s AI-and-Mag-7 configuration, has not yet resolved. An allocator who treats the current setup as permanent is implicitly betting that this time is different, despite repeated historical evidence.
 

Why small caps matter through the cycle, not just at the turn

Small caps earn a place in the policy mix on three grounds independent of timing the next rotation.

1. Breadth of opportunity.
   The small-cap universe is where most listed companies actually live, offering diversified factor and theme exposure that a mega-cap-dominated large-cap book does not provide. Further, the sector composition is materially different from large caps; US small caps carry more industrials, financials and real estate than US large caps, against an underweight in technology.
2. Direct, undiluted exposure to the themes that matter.
   Reshoring, European fiscal expansion, defence, grid and AI-infrastructure build-out and Japanese corporate reform all get expressed more purely through small caps than through the large-cap index, because the pure-play, picks-and-shovels companies in these themes are typically not listed at large-cap market capitalizations.
3. Differentiated economic exposure.
   According to research by Kepler Cheuvreux, European small caps generate roughly 60% of revenues from within Europe, versus roughly 33% for the blue-chip 50. This domestic tilt has become a feature rather than a bug in a world of recurring trade frictions, and the pattern broadly extends across EAFE.Bloomberg data indicate that Japanese small caps generate roughly 65–75% of their revenues domestically, compared with about 45% for TOPIX large caps. That domestic exposure leaves them well positioned to benefit from the emerging global order.

 

Unexpected outperformance: How are small caps doing it?

The cyclical setup we identified previously – technological disruption, top-of-market concentration, valuations well above long-run averages – remains in place. The conditions since end-February 2026 have been textbook unfavourable for small caps. Per Kepler, European front-end rate expectations re-priced sharply higher, eurozone economic surprises turned deeply negative, and oil spiked before partially retracing. Kepler’s analysis of monthly relative returns since 1994 shows European small caps have, on average, underperformed large caps by roughly -0.29% per month in OECD-defined « downturn » phases and -0.43% per month in « slowdown » phases. That headwind has not materialized.

And yet, small caps are outperforming large caps. Two features of the outperformance are worth flagging:

1. Outperformance has been broad-based across sectors rather than carried by a narrow theme: Kepler’s sector-level data since February 27, 2026 shows positive median small-cap performance against negative median large-cap performance, with European small caps outperforming large caps in nearly every sector.
2. Small caps’ historical sensitivity to bond yields has visibly weakened – per Kepler, the relative performance of European small caps versus large caps has materially decoupled from the German Bund yield since early 2025, breaking a relationship that had held for most of the post-2021 period.

The asset class is no longer waiting for rate cuts.

The valuation picture is the cleanest piece of the case. On Kepler’s data, European large caps trade at roughly 15.2x forward earnings against a long-term average since 2009 of 13.2x. European small caps trade at 14.4x against an average of 14.8x. The US picture is similar: BofA Global Research reports the relative forward P/E of the Russell 2000 versus the Russell 1000 is approximately 0.82x, and historically the relative forward P/E explains roughly 46% of the variability in subsequent 10-year relative returns.
 

Next week: turning the case into allocation

Small cap performance has been unexpected, but not entirely surprising. As investment managers specializing small caps, we know what small caps are capable of. Now that this market segment is regaining the attention of investors, what does this information mean for portfolio allocations? How can allocators adjust their underweight? We’ll discuss those details in next week’s commentary.

Global Alpha was founded on the conviction that small caps are an inefficient asset class in which an experienced team can generate alpha across a full cycle. We are happy to discuss how a small-cap allocation can be sized within a particular plan’s constraints, and how our Global and International Small Cap strategies have navigated the recent environment.

* Contact us for a copy of this article.

AI infrastructure investment has moved upstream. The advent of ChatGPT, Claude and other AI applications fueled demand for semiconductor chips that enable the software to “think.” The demand concurrently brought about record capital expenditures to build out hyperscale data centres housing those chips. Now the bottleneck is even more basic: power. For AI, electricity is no longer a utility input; it is strategic infrastructure.

Data centre growth needs energy – a lot of it

That shift is colliding with a US grid whose expansion is constrained at multiple points: new generators are stuck in interconnection queues; interstate transmission still requires approvals across multiple jurisdictions; transformer shortages are delaying grid upgrades; and local opposition is increasingly slowing or cancelling data centre projects. North American Electric Reliability Corporation’s 2025 long-term reliability assessment warned that 13 of 23 North American assessment areas face resource-adequacy challenges over the next decade, underscoring that the issue is not only energy volume, but deliverability and reliability.

Electric Power Research Institute’s Powering Intelligence 2026 report makes the same point from the data centre side. Its “Generation and Capacity Impacts of Data Center Load” analysis finds that data centre growth could require large additions of generation and transmission capacity, but that supply-chain, siting and permitting constraints may limit how fast those additions arrive. In least-cost scenarios, incremental data centre load is met primarily by new and existing gas generation rather than carbon-free resources.

Getting power to where it’s hard to get

That naturally explains the recent order flow into large reciprocating engines. In April, the Finnish vessel engine manufacturer Wärtsilä Oyj Abp announced a 790 MW off-grid power solution for a new Texas data centre facility, using its 50SG natural gas engines. Wärtsilä explicitly framed the order around fast access to reliable power in a region where the grid cannot adequately meet urgent AI-infrastructure demand. Around the same time, the Korean shipbuilder HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. disclosed that it had signed a US data centre power generation equipment contract based on its 20 MW-class HiMSEN engines, citing total capacity of 684 MW.

The appeal is straightforward. Large reciprocating engines are modular, dispatchable, fast-starting, scalable in increments and deployable closer to load than central-station plants. Compared with combined-cycle gas turbines, nuclear projects or major transmission upgrades, they can often be installed in shorter phases and avoid waiting years for grid interconnection. For a data centre developer, speed-to-power can be as important as cost-of-power.

Maintaining engine power at sea and on land

HD Hyundai Marine Solution Co. Ltd. (443060 KS) in our Emerging Markets Small Cap Strategy is the sole authorized provider of maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) aftermarket services to HiMSEN engines worldwide. As a HD Hyundai-affiliate, the company benefits from having HD Hyundai Heavy Industries – the world’s second largest shipbuilder and the largest manufacturer of medium-speed 4-stroke vessel engines – as a captive market. Of approximately 17,000 HiMSEN units in operation globally (most of them generating power for over 4,000 ships at sea), roughly 2,000 units are generating power on the ground.

Could data centres move offshore?

Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Karpowership’s Kinetics have already signed a memorandum of understanding to develop what they describe as the world’s first integrated floating data centre platform, hosted on a retrofitted vessel and supplied by a powership capable of using LNG. In that scenario, vessel-engine makers are also powering the physical layer of AI.