mai 2024 | Page 2 sur 2 | Groupe financier Connor, Clark & Lunn ltée

The new dynamics of the global materials market

We recently attended the BMO Global Metals, Mining & Critical Minerals 2024 Conference, the premier global event for the materials sector. Materials make up 8% of the MSCI Global Small Cap Index and 10% of the MSCI EAFE Small Cap Index. Mining conferences are like no other, featuring core shack displays and political representatives from various countries. The atmosphere was notably different this year, particularly with the decline in battery material prices. There was a noticeable shift of interest from car battery to electrical grid infrastructure materials.

Supply and demand at play in commodities prices

Returns in the materials sector generally correlate with the supply-demand dynamics of various commodity prices. Inflation typically indicates an overall demand driver. However, it has not been very impactful, as China, a major commodity buyer, is experiencing modest inflation growth. Commodity supply dynamics are highly influenced by regulatory events, including environmental, social, geopolitical factors, capital availability and project risks. Recently, we have observed events that could signal mid to long-term structural changes.

Copper and aluminum: metals on the move

Copper has been performing well due to both future demand and supply side momentum. Essential to data computing, it has been rebranded as “AI copper.” Additionally, the growth in electricity demand and closure of the world’s largest copper mine are factors pushing prices to new highs.

Aluminum can substitute copper, especially in electrical transmission, as its resistivity is 0.6 times that of copper such that aluminum wire is 66% larger. The prices of both commodities tend to correlate. Currently, the price spread between the two is considered large from a historical perspective, with copper trading at $4.57 and aluminum at $1.17, making aluminum an economically viable substitution.

Our investment in Alumina

Global Alpha is exposed to aluminum through our stake in Alumina (AWC AU). Based in Australia, the company is the largest producer of alumina metal, a key precursor to aluminum. AWC shareholders have recently agreed to accept the all-share acquisition proposal by Alcoa, its long-term operating partner. With a more vertically integrated operation, Alcoa plans to reduce overall costs by 10% within a short two-year period. Aluminum is also widely used in the aerospace sector, which provides another tailwind.

Gold and copper in traditional and emerging markets

Copper is often mined alongside gold. Gold, which had been out of favour since 2011, is seeing renewed interest and positive investor sentiment, driven by purchases from central banks in China and established investor circles, with both buying the bullion at a faster pace than in the past. This trade is a win-win. If China’s economy falters compared to its US counterpart, gold becomes a safe alternative. Conversely, if China’s economy outperforms, the race to distance itself from the US dollar intensifies. Despite China’s cryptocurrency ban, there are rumours that this commodity accumulation is in preparation for a devaluation of the yuan, though time will tell. Other countries, like Turkey and Poland, have also increased their gold reserves for similar geopolitical reasons.

Globally, we produce 3,100 tons of gold annually and it estimated that there are 205,000 tons of gold in circulation – half in jewelry, 25% in investments and 15% held by central banks. In 2023, China’s government bought a record 735 tons. The private sector net imported 1,411 tons, with an impressive 228 tons coming in just January of 2024.

The golden balance of central banks and global stock

For central banks, there is room to grow for China as it ranks fifth with 2,200 tons in its vaults today compared to the US at 8,100 tons. The below-ground stock of gold reserves is currently estimated at around 50,000 tons according to the US Geological Survey.

This equates to a 15-year mine life for the world’s gold demand. As gold deposits become increasingly difficult to locate, this global gold mine life will likely diminish rapidly. In this context, gold could become a strong competitor to digital currencies in the coming years as a safety alternative.

ALS Ltd. and commodity markets

Global Alpha is exposed to gold, copper and other commodities through ALS Ltd. (ALQ.AU). ALS is the market leader in mining assay management, helping companies with their sample testing requirements. With industry-leading margins in precious metals, ALS has achieved the necessary scale in all major global mining hubs, giving it significant competitive advantage. ALS also operates in the environmental and health care sectors, where it benefit from its global reach compared to smaller competitors.

Capitalizing on commodity upswings with Osisko Gold Royalties

We also own Osisko Gold Royalties (OR.CN). The company holds gold and base metal royalties in North America. Royalties are intriguing financial instruments as they are paid in product by miners and are largely unaffected by mining costs, allowing royalty companies to benefit from rising commodity prices. Last year, the company hired a highly reputable management team and simplified its structure by exiting all direct project investments.

Gold and iron ore stability vs. disruption

In the gold market, central banks act as fringe buyers and sellers and are the price setters. Although jewelry accounts for the bulk of market demand, consuming 2,000 tons annually, its growth is relatively muted and stable.

The same concept of stability and fringe actors applies to iron ore. The world consumes two billion tons per year and China-based mills account for 50% of that. Production of 1.1 billion tons is controlled by five companies with fairly stable output. Fringe producers contribute 300 million tons, including high-cost producers in China and Southeast Asia that have benefitted from robust pricing over the years. However, the iron ore price balance is poised for disruption as 200 million tons of low-cost production is expected to enter the market in 2026 from mega projects in Guinea and Australia.

Silver and palladium redefined

Other interesting points from the conference that could orient our research include insights on silver and palladium. It takes five times more palladium to build a hybrid than a regular car. Silver has now surpassed a 50% usage rate in industrial applications, prompting a reevaluation of its classification as a precious metal.

Beyond precious – the future of metals

All of these developments invite us to rethink the boundaries of “precious” in metals and the value of agility and foresight in investing. As markets shift and new technologies demand novel materials, our approach to commodities must also adapt. This not only offers opportunities for astute investors but also challenges us to anticipate changes and position ourselves advantageously for what lies ahead.

A post in February argued that US Treasury plans to reduce reliance on bills to fund the deficit implied weaker monetary expansion from Q2, with possible negative implications for markets and economic prospects. This scenario remains on track.

The Treasury last week confirmed a reduction in the stock of Treasury bills in Q2 while signalling small-scale issuance in Q3.

Deficit financing via bills rather than coupon debt tends to boost the broad money stock because bills are mostly bought by money-creating institutions, i.e. banks and money funds. Their purchases are usually associated with expansion of their balance sheets, with a corresponding increase in monetary liabilities.

Broad money also tends to rise when the Treasury finances the deficit by running down its cash balance at the Fed.

Both effects were in play in 2023 / early 2024, resulting in a large monetary boost from Treasury operations that more than offset the Fed’s QT – see chart 1.

Chart 1

The latest Treasury estimates, however, imply a small negative impact in Q2 / Q3 combined. The earlier post argued that the Fed would need to halt QT to offset this shift. Last week’s taper announcement was insufficient, implying that the combined Treasury / Fed influence is likely to turn significantly contractionary – chart 2.

Chart 2

Will a revival in bank lending neutralise the Treasury / Fed drag? The Fed’s April senior loan officer survey was less negative but demand and supply balances remain soft by historical standards, arguing against a strong pick-up – chart 3.

Chart 3

April monetary statistics will be released in late May but weekly numbers on currency, commercial bank deposits and money funds are consistent with emerging weakness – chart 4.

Chart 4

La hausse des températures, attribuable à l’augmentation des niveaux de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans notre atmosphère, jette une ombre sur l’avenir de notre planète. L’inaction pourrait avoir des conséquences désastreuses, créant un contexte de risques physiques et économiques. La cause fondamentale du problème est l’activité humaine, et plus particulièrement les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) provenant de la combustion de combustibles fossiles. La gravité de la situation retient l’attention à l’échelle mondiale, incitant les gouvernements du monde entier à s’engager à réduire les émissions de GES dans le cadre d’un effort collectif visant à freiner la hausse de la température de la Terre.

La solution à ce défi sans précédent va bien au-delà des promesses gouvernementales et des politiques publiques. Elle dépend également du soutien et de l’engagement proactif des entreprises, des investisseurs et de la population. La transition énergétique est un élément essentiel de la lutte contre les changements climatiques, qui implique une transition de la dépendance aux systèmes à base d’énergie fossile, comme le pétrole et le charbon, vers les énergies renouvelables comme l’énergie éolienne, l’énergie solaire et les technologies de stockage d’énergie à grande échelle. La transition vers des solutions énergétiques à plus faible intensité en carbone jouera un rôle déterminant dans tout plan d’action sur les changements climatiques. Le présent article fournit des renseignements généraux sur les enjeux et le rôle de la transition énergétique dans le contexte plus large des changements climatiques.

Comprendre les GES : La cause sous-jacente du réchauffement de la planète

Le plan d’action sur les changements climatiques est principalement axé sur la lutte contre les émissions de CO₂ associé à l’énergie dans l’atmosphère, qui représentent la majorité des émissions de GES (figure 1). Ces émissions de CO₂ sont largement attribuables aux combustibles fossiles qui produisent notre électricité et nos systèmes de chauffage et de climatisation, et qui alimentent nos activités de transport. Les autres émissions liées à l’énergie comprennent le méthane (CH₄) et l’oxyde de diazote (N₂O), tandis que les GES non liés à l’énergie restants sont principalement associés à l’agriculture.

Figure 1 – Émissions mondiales de GES

Source : Climate Watch, World Resources Institute (2016).

Il est important de garder à l’esprit que les GES ne sont pas nécessairement une mauvaise chose. En fait, ils fonctionnent comme une couverture thermique qui réchauffe la Terre et sont essentiels à la survie de l’espèce humaine. Sans les GES, notre planète serait inhabitable. Toutefois, l’augmentation des niveaux de GES limite l’efficacité de la couverture thermique et représente la préoccupation sous-jacente du réchauffement de la planète, et c’est la raison pour laquelle l’accent est mis sur la lutte contre les émissions de CO₂ associées à l’énergie.

Transitions énergétiques à travers les siècles

Dans le passé, les transitions énergétiques étaient de longs processus alimentés par les forces combinées de la croissance économique et de l’augmentation de la demande d’énergie. La première transition majeure, qui s’est échelonnée sur plus d’un siècle, a eu lieu dans les années 1800, lorsque les biocarburants traditionnels (principalement le bois) ont été remplacés par le charbon. Au milieu des années 1970, un autre changement important a été annoncé avec le développement et l’adoption de produits pétroliers raffinés. Au cours des 30 années suivantes, les combustibles fossiles ont été la principale source d’énergie jusqu’aux 20 dernières années, alors que la dépendance au gaz naturel a augmenté.

Ces transitions passées étaient motivées par la prospérité économique et l’augmentation implicite de la consommation d’énergie dans les pays développés et en développement. La transition énergétique actuelle est différente et plus complexe. La réussite de la transition énergétique mondiale actuelle dépend de sa capacité à assurer l’accès à l’énergie pour favoriser la croissance économique et le développement, tout en s’attaquant à la décarbonisation pour atténuer les répercussions des changements climatiques.

Une plus grande menace à l’égard des changements climatiques

Les premières études sur les conséquences des changements climatiques se concentrent souvent sur les risques environnementaux, mais les conséquences négatives sont beaucoup plus larges, et comprennent les impacts physiques et répercussions de la transition qui touchent les collectivités, les entreprises, les marchés financiers et les citoyens.

Les changements climatiques à long terme entraînent une augmentation de la fréquence et de la gravité des événements extrêmes comme les tempêtes et les inondations. Ces événements peuvent causer des dommages et des perturbations aux résidences et aux entreprises, en plus des répercussions financières, comme une hausse des coûts d’assurance. À divers degrés, la plupart des secteurs devraient être touchés par les risques associés aux changements climatiques, et confrontés à des difficultés financières directes et indirectes en raison de dommages physiques, d’interruptions opérationnelles et de perturbations de la chaîne d’approvisionnement. La Banque d’Angleterre a également souligné que les conséquences des changements climatiques représentent une grave menace pour la stabilité du système financier en raison de leur nature étendue et de leur exposition généralisée aux institutions financières et aux propriétaires d’actifs.

La menace généralisée des changements climatiques a incité les gouvernements du monde entier à reconnaître la nécessité de favoriser les changements de comportement et de soutenir la transition énergétique. Des initiatives comme l’Accord de Paris conclu en 2015 fixent des objectifs à long terme pour la réduction des GES, les gouvernements ayant de plus en plus recours à des mesures d’incitation économiques et à des règlements pour encourager l’abandon des combustibles fossiles. Contrairement à la réponse mondiale concertée à la pandémie de COVID-19, la réponse aux changements climatiques manque d’uniformité en raison de facteurs économiques, politiques et sociaux variés dans différentes régions du monde. Toutefois, une meilleure coordination sera nécessaire pour atténuer et gérer la menace que représente le réchauffement de la planète.

Risques et occasions concernant la transition énergétique

Souvent, on aborde les risques et les occasions comme des concepts opposés. Toutefois, il ne s’agit pas nécessairement de concepts opposés; une occasion peut aider à gérer un risque particulier. Telle est la situation en ce qui concerne les changements climatiques et le rôle de la transition énergétique. Les occasions de transition dans le secteur de l’énergie peuvent toucher toutes les catégories d’actif et tous les secteurs, mais les occasions les plus importantes devraient provenir de stratégies d’infrastructures permettant d’offrir des solutions à faible émission de carbone.

La transition d’un système énergétique dépendant des combustibles fossiles vers des sources d’énergie plus propres et renouvelables nécessitera des investissements de billions de dollars, et cela pourrait être l’une des plus vastes et importantes occasions d’investissement des prochaines décennies. On s’attend à ce que les investissements annuels dans le secteur de la transition énergétique, qui sont actuellement d’environ 1 billion de dollars américains, dépassent en moyenne 3 fois ce montant au cours du reste de la décennie.*

L’ampleur de l’investissement supplémentaire alimentera la croissance des occasions dans un éventail d’actifs et d’entreprises d’infrastructures pendant de nombreuses années. De toute évidence, les solutions d’infrastructure comprendront le développement et la réalisation de projets d’énergie propre. Toutefois, en raison de l’importance du défi des changements climatiques, il sera nécessaire d’englober un univers beaucoup plus vaste d’actifs, y compris la facilitation des solutions d’infrastructures et la décarbonisation des infrastructures existantes.

Développer et instaurer une énergie plus propre

Pour les solutions d’infrastructures à faible émission de carbone, les occasions naturelles comprennent le développement et la construction de projets d’énergie propre renouvelable, comme les centrales d’énergie éolienne, solaire et hydroélectrique au fil de l’eau. Bien que l’on reconnaît maintenant l’importance des autres piliers dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques, les solutions d’énergie renouvelable ont conservé leur position de secteur le plus important en 2022.*

Mettre en place des solutions durables et favoriser les infrastructures

La transition énergétique s’étendra bien au-delà des systèmes énergétiques de base. Elle nécessitera la mise en œuvre d’une gamme de solutions durables, notamment la construction de systèmes de stockage dans des batteries, d’infrastructures de recharge de véhicules électriques et de systèmes de chauffage et de climatisation géothermique dont l’intensité en carbone est moins élevée que celle des chaudières à gaz classiques, pour réduire les émissions dans une plus large mesure.

Décarboniser les infrastructures existantes

L’autre pilier clé du domaine des actifs est la décarbonisation des infrastructures existantes, ce qui nécessite une approche active et pratique pour la transition des actifs des modèles d’affaires à forte intensité en carbone vers des solutions de rechange plus vertes appuyées par différentes stratégies, comme les changements apportés aux processus de production, l’électrification des systèmes, l’adoption de sources de carburant plus propres et l’utilisation du captage et du stockage du carbone. Par exemple, le financement de l’électrification d’une flotte de véhicules. Un autre investissement potentiel serait la transformation d’une infrastructure de production alimentée au gaz, où il serait possible de combiner, et finalement de remplacer, la charge d’alimentation du gaz naturel avec de l’hydrogène vert pour produire de l’électricité à faible teneur en carbone, et éventuellement, carboneutre.

La transition énergétique ne peut être couronnée de succès sans le financement et le leadership des propriétaires pour stimuler la transformation des infrastructures existantes. Bien que certains investisseurs pourraient prévoir d’emblée des exclusions pour des secteurs entiers, comme le charbon, le gaz naturel ou le pétrole, nous nous attendons à ce que bon nombre d’entre eux revoient leurs positions et adoptent une approche plus souple qui leur permettrait de profiter d’une certaine exposition lorsqu’un plan de transition crédible et réalisable est en cours pour l’investissement.

Saisir l’occasion de transition énergétique

Il devient de plus en plus important d’investir dans des infrastructures liées à la transition énergétique, et il est urgent d’investir des capitaux substantiels pour soutenir les efforts de décarbonisation et atteindre les objectifs mondiaux en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques. Les investissements dans les infrastructures de transition énergétique offrent aux investisseurs institutionnels un accès à un éventail d’occasions et, comme la transition énergétique devrait avoir une incidence sur tous les secteurs et pays, il est impératif que les comités de placement gardent à l’esprit les risques et les occasions, ainsi que le rôle de la transition énergétique dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques.

*Source : BloombergNEF, Energy Transition Investment Trends 2023.

Documents sources :
Climate change: A primer for investors, LCP, 2021.
Energy Transition 101, World Economic Forum, 2020.
What is Energy Transition, S&P Global, 2020.

Abonnez-vous aux mises à jour

The Fed’s preferred core price measure – the PCE price index excluding food and energy – rose by an average 0.36% per month, equivalent to 4.4% annualised, over January-March.

The FOMC median projection in March was for annual core inflation to fall to 2.6% in Q4 2024. This would require the monthly index rise to step down to an average 0.17% over the remainder of the year – see chart 1.

Chart 1

The judgement here is that such a slowdown is achievable and could be exceeded, based on the following considerations.

First, such performance was bettered in H2 2023, when the monthly rise averaged 0.155%, or 1.9% annualised, i.e. the requirement is within the range of recent experience.

Secondly, the monetarist rule of thumb of a two-year lead from money to prices suggests a strong disinflationary impulse during H2 2024. From this perspective, any current “stickiness” may reflect the after-effects of a second pick-up in six-month broad money momentum in 2021, following the initial surge into mid-2020– see chart 2.

Chart 2

Momentum returned to a target-consistent 4-5% annualised in April 2022, subsequently turning negative and recovering only from March 2023, with the latest reading still sub-5%. Allowing for the usual lag, the suggestion is that six-month price momentum will move below 2% in H2 2024, remaining weak through next year.

A third potential favourable influence is a speeding-up of the transmission of recent slower growth of timely measures of market rents to the PCE housing component. Six-month momentum of the latter was still up at 5.6% annualised in March but weakness in the BLS new tenant rent index through 2023 is consistent with a return to the pre-pandemic (i.e. 2015-19) average of 3.4% or lower – chart 3. With a weight of 17.5%, such a decline would subtract 3 bp from the monthly core PCE change.

Chart 3

In March, our team embarked on a two-week trip to two of the most dynamic economies within Emerging Markets: Poland and Turkey. During our visit, we engaged with companies spanning a variety of industries – from construction and renewable energy to waste management, IT, commercial services, airlines and airport operators. Also, we gained insights into the consumer sector, meeting with leaders in production and distribution for a wide range of consumer products, including confectionery, fast food, denim, automotive, electronics, soft drinks and beer. The trip’s objective was not only to check up on existing holdings but also to identify nascent opportunities and understand the challenges these businesses face.

Poland’s optimistic outlook

It has been a year since our previous visit to Poland. During that visit, we observed consumers struggling with high inflation, wage growth continuing to decline, public concerns around the upcoming parliamentary elections and hopes for a swift resolution to the war in Ukraine, which would bring peace and vast opportunities for Polish companies.

We were happy to see a rise in optimism regarding these concerns during our latest visit. Most of our interviewees were more bullish this time around. Post the parliamentary elections, we sensed a renewed optimism as a pro-European Union (EU) coalition regained power. The new Polish government seems committed to mending relations with the EU, having successfully unblocked the first tranche of €76 billion frozen by the European Commission due to legal concerns after judicial reforms by the former government. Since joining the union, Poland has been a significant beneficiary of EU funds, receiving approximately €164 billion from 2004 to 2020. For context, Poland’s GDP was €750 billion last year. These substantial financial inflows have contributed to various crucial projects across the country, enhancing infrastructure and improving structural economic growth and overall wellbeing. No wonder these EU funds are expected to drive economic growth for several years to come. Coming in the form of grants and low-interest loans, this financing is mainly for funding infrastructure and renewable energy projects.

Contrary to last year, this time we saw consumers in Poland enjoying strong real wage growth of around 10%, with no labour market slowdown. With inflation easing to low single digits in the first quarter of 2024, these factors create a conducive backdrop for the robust recovery of Polish consumers. Growing disposable income is likely to not only rebuild their savings but also drive rebound in consumption.

However, the road ahead may be bumpy due to potential inflation spikes in the second half of 2024 on the back of higher energy prices, a VAT hike on groceries, fulfillment of costly pre-election commitments, domestic political tensions and the potential escalation of the ongoing war in Ukraine. The war remains one of the major risks to the region and was a frequent topic in our conversations, not only with corporate executives but also with ordinary citizens. Centuries of conflict between Poland and Russia have left deep scars in the psyche of the average Polish citizen.

Turkish economic reforms and investor confidence

In Turkey, a surprising pivot to orthodox monetary policy last year reignited hopes for economic normalization, buoyed the local stock market and turned foreigners in net buyers for the first time since 2019. Committed to controlling escalating inflation, the central bank raised its key policy rate from 8.5% in June 2023 to a staggering 50% in March 2024. Moreover, the monetary authority signaled its readiness for further rate hikes if necessary. Investors welcomed the government’s adoption of market-friendly measures, which drove the Turkish stock market higher by over 30% in US-dollar terms since the first hike last summer. Simultaneously, foreign reserves have started to recover, sovereign credit spreads have tightened to multi-year lows and the current account balance is expected to get meaningful support from the tourism season starting in May.

Although the recent municipal elections marked a significant defeat for the current leadership, President Erdogan reiterated policy continuity and his commitment to an economic turnaround program in the second half of the year. With no elections for the next four years, the government has time to tackle inflation and achieve long-awaited results. However, this requires the implementation of further austerity measures, including fiscal ones. Current market expectations see inflation peaking in May above 70% before declining to 30%-40% by year-end. However, potential new rounds of minimum wage hikes, premature rate cuts and higher energy prices continue to threaten the turnaround policy and could derail efforts to reduce inflation and improve the trade balance.

Nearshoring opportunities

Despite being influenced by very different forces, Poland and Turkey share some commonalities. In the last few years, the term “nearshoring” has become strongly associated with Mexico and Vietnam. We explored the impact on the Mexican economy in a previous commentary. However, Poland and Turkey have turned out to be underappreciated beneficiaries of supply chain shifts toward near- or friendshoring as a way to reduce reliance on China. Nearshoring opportunities repeatedly came up in our discussions with corporates in both countries. We see Poland as a launching pad for opportunities into Western Europe and hard-to-access markets in the east like Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Similarly, Turkey offers a gateway to explore opportunities in CIS countries and less liquid frontier markets. We highlight one such opportunity below.

As bottom-up investors, we focus our macroeconomic analysis primarily on enhancing the risk management aspect of our portfolio management. When investing in highly turbulent economies, we prefer to stick to companies that we believe can succeed even when their domestic economies face challenges. Additionally, we look to benefit from a possible decline in country risk premiums in the event of macro normalization.

Investment spotlight: Coca-Cola Icecek and Mo-BRUK

Our largest position in Turkey is Coca-Cola Icecek (CCOLA TI), a coke bottler. In the last 20 years, the company has evolved from a single-country operator to the third-largest coke bottler globally, with a footprint spanning 12 countries and 600 million people. Icecek generates less than 30% of its EBITDA in Turkey, with Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and another eight countries in the Middle East and Central Asia accounting for the major part of the business. Robust strategic alignment with The Coca-Cola Company, combined with Icecek’s proven record of successful integration, positions it as the preferred partner for further consolidation of Coca-Cola’s bottling operations in the region.

Bangladesh is the recent addition to Icecek’s portfolio. It is a country with over 170 million people and a heavily underpenetrated non-alcoholic beverage industry poised for double-digit volume growth over the next decade. This positions Icecek well to replicate its successful strategy of distribution network enhancement to ensure product availability, build infrastructure and enrich merchandise offerings. Leveraging its leading brand portfolio and a highly experienced management team, Icecek is set to continue capitalizing on the vast potential of its markets.

Mo-BRUK (MBR PW) is a waste management company in Poland specialized in processing hazardous waste. The founding family established the business more than 30 years ago and has built a strong franchise in an industry characterized by high entry barriers. The company does not operate landfills and focuses solely on processing waste. EU regulations on waste management create significant tailwinds for the industry in Poland, as the country must undertake considerable efforts to meet EU objectives. Due to its specialization in hazardous waste and limited competition due to entry barriers, Mo-BRUK enjoys superior business economics. High margins are driven by volume growth and technology improvements, as well as price hikes due to limited capacities in the country. In terms of growth strategy, the company is conducting several expansion projects within available permits. At the same time, it is filing for new permits. Remediation of the illegal landfills or so-called ecological bombs represents an attractive business for Mo-BRUK, but it is highly dependent on the budget allocation by municipalities. The cadence of such projects is erratic, but the company intends to participate in all tenders as they are announced. Additionally, the management team sees multiple consolidation opportunities in the country. In late-2023, Mo-BRUK acquired two independent operators that not only provided the company with scarce permits but also expanded its footprint in northern Poland.