I recently spent six weeks in Asia, including four weeks travelling to Sapporo and Tokyo in Japan to attend two major investor conferences hosted by SMBC Nikko and Daiwa and meet with over 50 Japanese-listed companies.

My trip also included two weeks in China to celebrate the start of the Year of the Dragon, plus a week in Shanghai and nearby Jiangsu province visiting various companies and doing due diligence on existing and prospective holdings.

Japan’s investment appeal

Many may be surprised to learn that our highest country allocation is to Japan at over C$2.3 billion of our approximately C$9 billion total AUM. Across our Global, International and sustainable strategies, we own around 25 Japan-based companies in 10 different sectors, from Asics and Sega Sammy (Sonic) to Hoshino Resorts and Sakata Seed.

Year-to-date, the Nikkei Index is one of the top-performing developed market, up 13% in JPY or 3% in US$. The Nikkei recently broke its previous record set in December 1989. Yes, over 34 years ago. Was Warren Buffett onto something when he invested in Japan’s five largest trading companies back in August 2020?

Skepticism about the country due to its apparent structural weaknesses suggests that this rally is unsustainable. However, as anyone who reads our weeklies knows, we are optimistic on Japan and have made a point of visiting many times over the years. In the past year alone, five of us have travelled there for onsite company visits and conferences.

A resurgence in corporate Japan

Our January 25th weekly explored Japan’s improved corporate governance. Corporate reforms are gaining significant momentum. Since mid-January, 54% of listed companies have disclosed initiatives to reduce capital costs and enhance valuation. This topic was often on the first page of investor presentations at the two conferences I was at.

Companies announcing buybacks exceeded 1,000 in 2023 and amounted to over ¥9.6 trillion, with dividend payments also seeing notable increases to more than ¥15 trillion last fiscal year and growing. Stock splits are becoming common, cross-shareholdings are being sold and M&A is on the rise, albeit with private equity players still having a small role (less than a quarter of all transactions).

The Nippon Individual Savings Account (NISA) boost

The revamped NISA now allows for an annual contribution limit of ¥3.6 million (US$24,300) per person, up from ¥1.0 million, and a total balance of ¥18 million to be permanently tax exempt. As of June 2023, there were 19.4 million NISA accounts, a modest number given Japan’s population and that households were holding a record ¥2,115 trillion in financial assets, more than half of it in cash. Approximately 1 million NISA accounts are opened each month.

Foreign investment and demographic shifts

Japan is experiencing a considerable wealth transfer set to continue over the next decade due to its aging population, especially notable among Gen-Z (1997-2012) who are more open to equity investments compared to older generations. Foreign investors are still underweight.

Deflation forever?

Japan seems to have finally escaped deflation. Core inflation rose to 2.8% year-on-year in February and should continue to stay above 2% if the latest wage increase is an indication. In March, Japan’s union group announced its biggest wage hike in 33 years at 5.85%. We believe that higher wages will ultimately encourage consumption. Most companies we met told us that their reluctance to raise prices to their customers is no more, with many now doing just that or walking away from low-margin businesses. As an example, the country’s largest beer and beverage company, Asahi, raised its prices for the first time in 14 years in October 2022 and three times since for a total increase of around 20%.

I encourage you to re-read some our previous comments on Japan as far back as 2009:

• December 9, 2009: Global Alpha manager commentary
• September 13, 2019: Japan’s standards of corporate governance
• November 22, 2019: Japan’s work style reform
• July 22, 2021: Japan: Land of the rising ESG
• December 1, 2022: Time to visit Japan
• May 5, 2022: The myth of inflation in Japan
• October 13, 2023: Japan’s long-awaited recovery

Japan’s visa policy changes and their impact on immigration

Another was about Japan’s updated visa policy, from August 3, 2018: Japan’s new visa policy. We touched on the view that Japan was closed to immigration and that its low birth rate would lead to a significant population decrease and inexorable decline.

What struck us visiting Japan this time was how many non-Japanese people work in the hospitality industry. They hail from many countries, including China, India, Sri Lanka and Vietnam and all speak Japanese and English. Back when we wrote the comment in 2018, there were 1.3 million foreign workers in Japan, compared to 486,000 a decade earlier and the goal was to increase by 500,000 by 2025. Japan achieved this goal much sooner, with 2.1 million foreign workers there in 2023. The country is entering an era of mass immigration and half of Japan’s prefectures saw net population increases last year. According to the Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan needs 6.8 million foreign workers by 2040 to meet its growth targets. New immigration and visa policies being introduced this year will make it much easier for foreign workers to permanently settle in Japan and eventually obtain citizenship.

Observations from China

Turning to China, we believe the negative sentiment towards the country is at an extreme. India’s market capitalization recently surpassed China’s despite having an economy a sixth of the size.

We see emerging market funds exclude China and the geopolitics are at their worst in my career as an investor.

Yet, the sentiment in China is slowly improving. I spent a month there last May when the shock of the COVID-19 lockdown was fresh in people’s memory. This February, although still subdued, sentiment seemed slightly better.

Economic indicators like the PMI Composite Index – now above 50 – are improving. CPI is still negative, but with rising commodity prices, China will likely avoid a deflationary spiral. Industrial production and exports are also on the rise and retail sales are growing faster than GDP.

The property market will probably never be an engine of growth again, but the service sector, led by healthcare and hospitality, may very well take the baton.

The negative news cycle about China that we see in North America is much different than in Asia. Japan’s relations with China are improving and China’s trade with its neighbours is increasing rapidly. Indonesia’s president-elect, Prabowo, visited China in early April, mentioning the importance of maintaining good ties with China and the US and condemning the China bashing. China is now the largest trading partner to over 120 countries, including Indonesia and also Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam.

Despite the Western media’s negative rhetoric, China is a very important market for many large US and foreign multinational brands, including Apple, BMW, Uniqlo and Zeiss. In the past few weeks, many American CEOs have visited China and met with President Xi. Janet Yellen was also there recently and President Biden is scheduled to talk to China in the coming days. Let’s hope that they can restore the productive dialogue.

China’s green revolution

China’s spent 40% more on clean energy in 2023 compared to 2022, or $890 billion – equivalent to the GDP of Switzerland or Turkey.

Also last year, China installed 217 GW of solar power, up 55% over 2022 and more than the US has in its entire history. Total solar power capacity in China is now over 609 GW. Canada has 4.4 GW; the US, 179 GW. Wind power installation increased 21% to more than 441 GW. Canada has 19 GW and the US has 141 GW.

BYD overtook Tesla as the largest NEV car company in 2023 and Xiaomi has now reclaimed a #2 position in the Chinese smartphone market.

So, regardless of the negative news, we are generally constructive on China, have made a number of investments in the country and continue to find attractive investment ideas there.

Reflecting on a phase of resilience and renewal

Our travels through Asia reinforce an evolving narrative not just of growth but of transformation. The confluence of Japan’s market performance and its emerging immigration landscape paints a picture of a nation redefining itself. Meanwhile, China’s quiet resurgence, often obscured by geopolitical noise and prevailing sentiments, is creating an environment of untapped opportunities that invites a deeper understanding beyond surface-level perceptions. We are ready to embrace the potential of these markets to generate alpha for our clients.

The fluctuation in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity in 2021 followed a typical cyclical pattern, echoing broader economic trends. The initial surge in M&A was propelled by low interest rates and a swift reopening from the COVID-19 pandemic that encouraged companies to pursue strategic acquisitions. This led to the highest M&A volumes since 2007.

However, several factors dampened the momentum in 2022-23. Aggressive interest rate hikes, rising inflation, geopolitical tensions such as the war in Europe, and an overall economic slowdown contributed to a decline in M&A activity. Additionally, decreasing confidence among C-suite executives and a wider bid-ask spread between buyers and sellers further reduced dealmaking.

As a result, total M&A volumes dropped by 18% to approximately $3 trillion in 2023, according to data from Dealogic. This marked the lowest level of M&A activity since 2013 when deal volumes were at $2.8 trillion, indicative of the challenges and uncertainties faced by global dealmakers amidst shifting economic conditions and geopolitical risks.

All of this changed when the Federal government started hinting about lowering interest rates in 2024. This week, we look at how this trend stands to benefit our portfolio.

Global M&A volumes

Source: Bloomberg

Starting bell sounding for an upswing in M&A activity

Despite ongoing macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainties, signs are pointing to a potential turnaround for dealmaking in 2024. Three key factors support this optimism:

1. Financial markets have rebounded significantly since the previous year, with expectations for declining interest rates.
2. Considerable “dry powder” is waiting on the sidelines, coupled with a rise in board confidence.
3. There is pent-up demand for deals, alongside an ample supply, reflecting a readiness to engage in M&A activity.

Global non-financial listed companies hold $5.6 trillion in cash, while private market investors possess $2.5 trillion in dry powder, providing substantial resources for dealmaking. Additionally, depressed small cap valuations along with structural factors such as advancements in AI, the transition to clean energy, innovation in life sciences, reshoring initiatives and geographic diversification are further driving demand for M&A.

The dismal performance of 2023, marked by the lowest completed M&A volumes in a decade relative to nominal US GDP, underscore the potential for a rebound in deal activity in 2024. So, how big can it get?

We could see up to $9.5 trillion of M&A in 2024

Based on Dealogic’s data, global M&A volume has averaged around $5.5 trillion per year since 2014. With corporations potentially aiming to catch up on the $2 trillion shortfall from the last two years, M&A volumes for 2024 could range from $5.5 trillion to about $9.5 trillion. Actual figures will depend on various factors such as economic conditions, geopolitical stability and corporate strategies.

The underlying drivers are especially visible in markets like Europe that have seen a drought in M&A activity.

Western Europe M&A volumes

Source: Bloomberg

Looking at Japan, the structural shift towards greater corporate efficiency and activity is notable and expected to drive further M&A activity in the market. Despite the challenges faced by global markets, Japan has managed to maintain positive M&A volumes, demonstrating a resilience and proactive approach among Japanese companies.

Rising costs, stricter governance rules and mounting shareholder pressure are compelling companies in Japan to explore strategic options, including M&A. This trend is part of a broader effort to enhance corporate performance and unlock shareholder value.

Moreover, the potential wave of management buyout (MBO) activity in Japan is bolstered by recent reforms in the Tokyo Stock Exchange and guidelines by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) for corporate takeovers. These reforms and guidelines are meant to promote shareholder earnings and increasing corporate value, aligning with the goals of enhancing efficiency and profitability.

For Japanese companies, especially those with lower capital efficiency, MBOs present an attractive way to streamline operations, improve governance and maximize shareholder returns. As a result, we can anticipate more M&A and MBO activity in Japan as companies adapt to evolving market dynamics and regulatory environments.

Japan M&A volumes

Source: Bloomberg

Many other markets like Australia, India, Korea and ASEAN are also expecting heightened M&A activity this year.

How does this impact the portfolio?

The accelerating M&A environment can be positive for smaller companies as their larger counterparts are willing to pay to acquire agile and innovative companies that can provide positive long-term growth perspectives. Furthermore, big companies seem to be diversifying by acquisition type. Larger, maturing companies can lack the same innovation capabilities as small companies to adjust, create and develop faster due to their nimble structure.

How else do we participate in the M&A cycle? 

Another way to capitalize on this trend is by investing in a M&A advisory firm. These companies provide advice on corporate mergers, acquisitions and divestitures as well as debt and equity financing, acting as intermediaries in business sale transactions for either the selling company or the buyer.

We have profited from the M&A theme via Rothschild & Co., a France-based merger and acquisition boutique firm that has generated solid returns for our clients. Also, we recently initiated a position in Evercore, a name we have owned in the past and decided to repurchase because it is poised to outperform its competitors in the M&A space.

Founded in 1995, Evercore is an independent investment bank and asset manager, ranking #1 among independent firms and #4 among all M&A boutiques, including well-known players like Goldman Sachs. The company has a strong and liquid balance sheet, making it an excellent example of an investment that should benefit from the exciting uptick in M&A activity.

Food banks in Canada are expecting an 18% increase in demand in 2024 as consumers continue to face cost of living concerns. Last week, Liberal members of the House of Commons finance committee supported an NDP motion to implement an excess profits tax on large grocery retailers to address rising food prices.

Seeking efficiencies in retail

In response, grocery retailers are likely to seek new efficiencies. VusionGroup (Ticker: VU.FP and formerly called SES-imagotag), a recent addition to our portfolio, is positioned as a key player in this scenario, offering cutting-edge digital equipment and software services to help retailers digitalize and optimize their points of sale. The company offers an extensive range of IoT devices, such as electronic shelf labels, video displays, sensors, wireless shelf cameras and smart rails designed to streamline operations and reduce labour for low value-added tasks. Vusion’s in-house software solutions automate pricing and enable efficient inventory management, enhancing the shopping experience and brand marketing efforts.

The shift to electronic shelf labels (ESLs)

Switching to ESLs presents several advantages for retailers, including operational cost reduction and improved pricing flexibility, which can boost revenue and profitability. Changing paper-based labels in stores is labour-intensive and many staff are paid low or minimum wages, a sector that has seen significant raises. Prices displayed on ESLs can be automatically and quickly updated using Vusion’s software, allowing retailers to either reduce staff or reallocate them to higher value-added and customer-facing tasks.

Enhancing efficiency and the retail experience

The automatic pricing feature of ESLs offers additional benefits. Retailers can be more flexible with pricing, quickly adjusting to inflation and the competitive environment, thereby maximizing revenues and profitability. This flexibility also facilitates pricing adjustments, such as promotions on fresh produce, to limit waste. In general, fewer pricing errors improve the overall customer experience.

Another aspect of improving the customer experience is ensuring product availability on shelves. Industry experts estimate sales lost due to lack of products on shelves are around 8% of total revenues for a point of sale. By integrating ESLs and smart cameras, Vusion enables store managers to be automatically notified if a product is running low, prompting shelf replenishment from store inventory or triggering an order for more products. Optimizing inventory management maximizes cash generation at the store level.

Leveraging technology for inventory and online order efficiency

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated online grocery sales in the US, a trend expected to grow at a rate of over 20% annually. Vusion’s products allow for efficient processing of online orders, with most being fulfilled directly from the stores. ESLs enable “pickers” to be more efficient by providing the fastest route to collect all items in an order. ESLs even flash to indicate where a product can be found, reducing the time employees spend on each order and minimizing the risk of incomplete or incorrect orders. Retailers and fast-moving consumer goods companies can also use ESLs as a marketing tool by implementing targeted promotions and offering coupons to customers.

Conclusion: Vusion’s promising long-term growth

Despite initial challenges due to concerns over battery life, technological improvements have addressed these issues and significant milestones, such as Walmart’s recent large-scale ESL deployment, signal a promising growth trajectory for the technology. Vusion’s leadership in the global ESL market suggests a strong growth outlook, with the potential for widespread ESL adoption and market penetration to the tune of 20% to 30% from approximately 7% today, or up to three billion labels by 2027. Adding replacement labels, smart camera installation opportunities, and cloud and software subscriptions only increases the potential addressable market.

With a dominant market share, a top-tier and broad product range, and strong relationships with major retailers, Vusion is an exciting long-term growth story in our view.

Japan’s banking sector has long been overlooked by investors. It’s considered either not essential to own or to be avoided due to the challenges posed by negative interest rates and deflation, which have consistently squeezed bank profitability. However, the recent rally in Japanese banking stocks since 2023 signals a potential return to normalcy. So, what exactly is happening within Japan’s banking sector, what factors are driving the rally and is it sustainable?

Looking back – Deflation and Japan’s ultra-loose monetary policy

Understanding the current situation entails looking back on Japan’s prolonged battle with deflation and the rationale behind introducing negative interest rates.

Japan has experienced deflation since the mid-1990s, following the collapse of its economic bubble in the early 1990s. Various economic factors, including a domestic consumption tax hike from 3% to 5% and the Asian currency crisis in 1997, put downward pressure on the Japanese economy. In response, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) gradually reduced its policy rate throughout the 1990s, eventually adopting a zero-interest rate policy in 1999. Despite briefly abandoning this policy in 2000, the BOJ introduced quantitative easing in 2001 after the bursting of the IT bubble in the US. Further challenges emerged with China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001, putting deflationary pressure on Japan by supplying cheap labour. The Great Financial Crisis of 2008 intensified the issues. Exports were sluggish due to a strong yen against dollar (USD/JPY fell below the 76 level), and declining demand amid a global recession.

Change began to emerge in late 2012 with the introduction of Prime Minister Abe’s economic policies, known as Abenomics, which included quantitative and qualitative easing measures. This initially signalled a shift away from deflation. But the momentum stopped when the government hiked the consumption tax rate from 5% to 8% in April 2014. Then BOJ Governor Kuroda committed the BOJ to achieving 2% inflation, but the target was pushed further into the future.

Recognizing the need for intervention, the BOJ introduced negative interest rates in January 2016, surprising the market and causing significant disruptions. Subsequently, the BOJ introduced its yield curve control policy in September 2016, which had been in effect until it was terminated by the BOJ earlier this week.

Turning the tides by escaping deflation and normalizing interest rates

Fast forward to today, after decades of efforts to fight deflation, Japan is finally seeing signs of progress. Inflation has been consistently above the BOJ’s targets of 2% since May 2022, helped by price hikes and wage increases.

Historically, Japanese companies are reluctant to pass on higher costs to consumers or clients, fearing it may damage the relationship. Instead, they turn to cost-cutting measures internally. However, the unprecedented challenges during the pandemic forced many companies to negotiate higher prices with customers. To their surprise, most customers were cooperative and willing to accept the price increase, leading to improved margins across industries. The mindset of Japanese companies is also starting to change, where they are becoming more willing to pass on higher costs and reduce unprofitable businesses.

Additionally, Prime Minister Kishida’s government has been pushing corporates to increase wages, a key policy of its “new form of capitalism” campaign. Finally in April 2023, labour unions in Japan won the biggest pay increase in 30 years in their spring wage negotiations with management, achieving an average wage hike of 3.7%. In 2024, the union group announced an even higher raise of 5.28%. Although this largely applies to the biggest companies in Japan, smaller employers are likely to follow suit given the country’s tight labour market. With higher disposable income and improved consumer sentiment, the virtuous cycle should be able to support the sustainability of inflation. As a result, the BOJ decided to guide overnight lending rates to 0% to 0.1%, up from -0.1% to 0%, marking the first time the BOJ has raised its interest rates in 17 years.

Rallying behind banking: Equity markets and corporate governance reform

Equity markets are starting to view Japanese banking stocks as normal investment targets once again due to the end of deflation and interest rate normalization.

Another positive change is corporate governance reform. Although it has been several years since the Corporate Governance Code was established by the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) in 2015, 2023 saw the most changes at Japanese publicly listed companies after the TSE called on companies’ management to be more mindful of the cost of capital and stock prices to enhance corporate value. This initiative particularly targets companies with price-to-book ratios below 1x. The vast majority of Japanese banks trade at a significant discount to their book value. Responding to this request, many banks laid out improvement plans aimed at enhancing Return on Risk-weighted Assets (RORA), Return on Equity (ROE) and shareholder returns.

Looking ahead, the prospects of Japanese banks appear promising, with sustainable inflation driven by economic growth and wage increases. In addition, the relocating of manufacturing facilities back to Japan amid the onshoring and reshoring trend, and increased loan demand, are also expected to benefit the sector. Japan is still in the very early phase of rate normalization, and Japanese banking stocks are still in the process of returning to normal compared with Japanese stocks in general. The improving financial metrics should also help J-banks to be more comparable to their global peers.

Spotlight on Concordia Financial Group

We initiated a position in Japanese regional bank Concordia Financial Group (7186 JP) in 2023. Concordia FG consists of three banks – the core is Bank of Yokohama, with over 100 years of history – and two other smaller banks, Higashi-Nippon Bank and Kanagawa Bank, which the group acquired in the past few years. As one of Japan’s largest regional banks, Concordia FG boasts efficient operations and strong loan growth, particularly in Tokyo and the Kanagawa Prefecture, which have seen the highest net migration from other areas and strong banking demand due to high concentration of corporates and SMEs.

Unlike some of the problematic regional banks in the US that rely on corporate deposits, Japanese banks have accumulated their deposits over time from loyal retail customers. In the case of Concordia FG, over 70% of deposits are from retail channels. Even after the bank run at Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in March 2023, deposits at Concordia FG continued to grow steadily, with no obvious change in customers’ banking behaviour. The bank maintains a low securities-to-asset ratio of 12%. The same ratio was over 50% for SVB. The bank also has very tight risk controls in its lending practices, maintaining a conservative loan-to-asset ratio of 85%. The banks’ loan portfolio is well-diversified, with no exposure to the commercial real estate sector in the US.

Further prospects and technological advances

Despite Japan’s rising personnel costs, Japanese banks’ management teams remain committed to controlling costs. Recent years have seen continued downsizing efforts, including branch closures and reductions in the number of ATMs. Branch closures are not simply an effort to reduce network size, but part of a strategic shift to increase online banking usage and enhance convenience for consumers. Efforts include expanding the number of ATMs at convenience stores and providing non-branch ATMs in collaboration with other major banks.

Another Japan-based bank we invest in, Seven Bank (8410 JP), is expected to benefit from this trend. With banks seeking to streamline their ATM fleets, some have chosen to partner with Seven Bank, boasting the largest ATM network in Japan with over 27,000 ATMs. Its next-generation ATMs offer advanced features beyond simple deposits and withdrawals, including face recognition for identity verification, settlement with QR codes and the ability to open bank accounts. It also utilizes AI and IoT to predict cash demand more precisely and detect potential component failures, which helps to optimize ATM operations.

As Japan’s banking sector continues to adapt to evolving economic conditions, we remain optimistic about its long-term prospects.

One of the perks of being on the road to meet our holdings is the opportunity to see firsthand the daily challenges of running a business. It’s often said that the devil is in the details, and this holds particularly true in emerging markets, where every few kilometres bring a change in culture, customs and language. Some industries demand more from their execution strategies than others, with the microfinance sector standing out due to its complexity. While simple in concept, providing loans to underserved populations is more nuanced in practice.

The birth of microfinance

The microfinance business has its origins in Bangladesh, where Nobel Laureate Mohammed Yunus discovered that, despite their lack of resources, the impoverished were neither lacking in financial savvy nor in reliability as borrowers. In 1983, Yunus founded Grameen Bank, focusing on the strengths of his clients, including trustworthiness and creativity, rather than their lack of formal education or financial resources.

One of our holdings, CreditAccess Grameen (CREDAG IN), mirrors Grameen Bank’s business model and name. Our recent visit with CREDAG allowed us to observe its operations and engage with its customers, 99% of whom are women. As India’s largest microfinance institution, with 1,900 branches, 4.6 million clients and $2.7 billion in assets under management, CREDAG in our view exemplifies how to handle the complexities of a demanding businesses.

Ground-level insights

CREDAG’s strategy emphasizes local engagement and consistently doing the “little things” right. In a nation with 22 official languages, having branches staffed by locals who understand the regional dialect and economy are key. This local presence marks many employees’ first foray into the formal job market, fostering a strong sense of loyalty among them.

Outside a typical rural CREDAG branch in rural Bangladore.

We got to see CREDAG in action, where morning efforts focus on collections and afternoons on new client acquisition. The company’s investment in employee wellbeing, evidenced by providing kitchen spaces, covering grocery costs and reimbursing fuel expenses, further translates to high employee loyalty.

Relationship building – more than just transactions

The local economy in the villages we toured is driven by dairy and silk farming. In fact, the district is India’s largest cocoon silk producer.

A CREDAG client with her home silkworm business. The silkworms are feeding on mulberry leaves.

 

Silkworm cocoons in a bamboo tray for the local wholesale market.

Building customer relationships

Our participation in collection meetings highlighted the importance of CREDAG’s joint lending model.

A CREDAG collection meeting outside the village temple.

Meetings start and end with pledges, underscoring the powerful psychology of positive reinforcement to change borrowers’ behaviour for the better.

Leadership within borrower groups streamlines the payment process, allowing for relationship building, educational and sales opportunities. With most of its customers having no credit history or verifiable income, local connections (and intelligence) become crucial parts of good underwriting.

We also had the chance to see an income-generation loan being paid out to a dairy farmer.

Receipt for a 2-year, Rs 50,000 loan for buying a cow to be repaid in 104 installments.

Customized innovation: tradition meets tech

CREDAG leads in integrating technology, reducing client onboarding times and introducing new products rapidly. Its core banking solution caters to remote areas. Even with no internet connection, loan applications can be processed offline and then bulk uploaded when access is available. This allows CREDAG to offer flexible repayment options that align with its customers’ income cycle and new products like gold loans to reduce product time to market.

We also saw its technology in action. CREDAG offers cash emergency loans of up to RS 1000 as a complimentary service to creditworthy customers. This is especially beneficial to those in far-flung areas with no nearby bank branch. Customers can scan their biometric details to pull up their account information on the loan officer’s tablet. Once account details are verified, cash is disbursed on the spot. The whole exercise takes less than five minutes!

A CREDAG customer getting her biometrics scanned for account verification.

Details, details, details

Our visit with CREDAG reinforced how small details matter in building loyalty and maintaining operational efficiency. In the case of CREDAG, it translates to a best-in-class cost structure and customer retention ratio. While we recognize the inherent cyclicality of the microfinance sector, our visit helped us appreciate the need for rigorous execution and a deep understanding of the local context to achieve operational excellence.

It’s no secret that the US electrical grid is in a dire state now more than ever. Most of the infrastructure we see today was built in the 1960s and 1970s, with over 70% being more than 25 years old. Marked by significant and consistent underinvestment, the US grid continues to experience increasing supply disruptions, blackouts and fire incidents. Maintenance and repair are perpetual needs. A notable example of maintenance disrepair happened last year with the Hawaiian Electric fire. In August 2023, Maui County sued Hawaiian Electric, the state’s largest supplier of electricity, accusing the utility of negligence in what became the deadliest US fire in over a century resulting in thousands of acres burned and over 100 fatalities.

The push for electrification

Additionally, with rising population levels and the ongoing push for electrification, the grid is ill-equipped to manage the volume of electricity being transmitted through existing power lines. Electricity demand in the US is expected to increase by 18% by 2030 and 38% by 2035. This increased electricity transmission will be driven by the transition to electric vehicles as well as the build out of carbon-neutral energy sources, namely renewables.

Facing the future: investment and innovation

To meet the rising demand and supply of electricity, significant augmentation and expansion of the current grid, with substantial resources invested, will be necessary. Several states have already announced massive investment projects to address these needs. Notably, in October 2023, the Biden-Harris administration announced a USD$3.5 billion funding initiative for 58 projects across 44 states for grid infrastructure, signalling the beginning of extensive future investments. The International Energy Agency estimates that, by the end of the decade, over $600 billion a year will need to be invested globally to ensure a resilient supply of clean and reliable electricity. In fact, from 2020 to 2023, global grid investments have grown from USD$285 billion to over USD$310 billion.

Source: BNEF

These developments make the grid infrastructure trend one we are closely watching as we seek to identify companies poised to benefit from this theme.

Nexans: a catalyst for change

One such company is Nexans (NEX FP), a recent addition to our portfolio that stands to gain from escalating investment in US grid infrastructure over the next decade. A France-based cable manufacturer with a significant presence in the US, Nexans specializes in producing high, medium and low voltage transmission cables and serves a variety of end markets.

Several years ago, recognizing the global trend towards electrification, Nexans decided to realign its portfolio to become a pure electrification player by 2024, committing to divest from three divisions unrelated to this goal, namely telecom, auto harness and a portfolio of small unrelated segments.

2023 marked a transition year for the company as it intensified its refocus efforts. This was met by some volatility in its stock price due to a challenging market environment that made divestment difficult along with uncertainties in offshore wind markets. However, the company has recently shown significant progress and is delivering on its portfolio transition ahead of schedule. Moreover, offshore wind markets in the US are experiencing renewed positive sentiment, evidenced by strong auction prices that de-risked them last week. Nexans’ stock price has rebounded from a multiyear low in October 2023 to a multiyear high and we remain optimistic about the company’s future prospects and its successful transition to full electrification.

Rising consumer demand driving supply chain transparency

Recognizing the trends shaping the trajectory of ESG integration by companies in their processes in 2024 is a key focus point. Amid growing regulatory requirements and increasing consumer demand for transparency, the spotlight has now extended to companies’ supply chain practices, emphasizing the need for holistic ESG considerations.

Regulatory momentum

The surge in regulatory frameworks, such as the upcoming Corporate Sustainable Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) and the Deforestation Regulation in the EU, alongside proposals like the Securities and Exchange Commission’s mandate for emissions disclosure across value chains, signal a global push toward heightened accountability and risk management. These directives require companies to broaden their due diligence to encompass their entire supply chains, addressing human rights and environmental sustainability risks to preempt controversies and safeguard against reputational damage that could adversely affect shareholder value.

Consumer power and the ripple effect

A driver in these regulatory developments is undoubtedly rising consumer preference for goods that are ethically and sustainably produced. As shoppers become more mindful of the environmental and social impacts, companies are compelled to reevaluate their supply chain practices. Not meeting these emerging standards can result in serious brand and financial repercussions, as evidenced by the backlash against major labels like Adidas and Nike over labour misconduct allegations within their supply chains that triggered boycotts and meaningful share price declines in 2020. Especially within the apparel and footwear industry, there is an acute pressure to implement sustainable practices along supply chains.

Examples of ESG risk management in supply chains

Asics (7936 JP), a Japan-based sporting goods manufacturer in our portfolios, has increasingly integrated ESG principles and enhanced due diligence in its supply chain in recent years. The company, involved in labour issues in a Cambodian factory in 2013 and 2017, has been working on increasing supplier traceability initiatives, including corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human rights policies, audits and monitoring, aiming to reduce the risks of human rights abuses and environmentally harmful practices in procurement activities. As a result of its supply chain initiatives, Asics was recognized on the CDP Supplier Engagement Leaderboard in 2021, a leading international non-profit dedicated to assessing the disclosure of companies on environmental matters. Furthermore, a Human Rights Committee established in 2022 at the board level oversees and evaluates the effectiveness of these initiatives. This strategic focus on ESG not only bolsters brand credibility but also mitigates reputational and legal risks. For instance, Asics avoided the fallout faced by peers in 2020-21 over cotton sourcing controversies from China’s Xinjiang region, likely the result of its intensified risk management.

L’Occitane and the beauty of responsibility

Similarly, the personal care products industry is witnessing rising customer demand for ethically sourced products. Another company in our portfolio, L’Occitane International SA (973 HK), a global leader in natural and organic beauty and skincare products, is considered a champion in this area. By prioritizing a partnerships-based approach with suppliers and rigorously assessing the CSR performance of over 9,000 suppliers worldwide, L’Occitane ensures holistic risk mitigation and proactive engagement with at-risk suppliers. The group participates in the Responsible Beauty Initiative (RBI) and the Partners by Nature program, to help promote responsible sourcing practices in the industry and strengthen its collaboration with strategic suppliers. In 2022, it was invited to join the EcoVadis trailblazer’s network as one of the awarded companies in the 2021 edition. This network includes the most advanced companies in terms of responsible value chains that come together to share best practices and challenges. In addition to being a leader in this field, the company’s commitment to responsible sourcing, increasingly popular among consumers worldwide, is in line with its brand image and strategy.

The bottom line – sustainability as a strategic supply chain priority

In today’s environment of regulatory scrutiny and elevated consumer expectations, ESG integration in portfolio company supply chains can build trust and help to mitigate the legal risks of regulatory non-compliance.

Disclaimer: ESG integration at Global Alpha is driven by taking into account material sustainability and/or ESG risks that could impact investment returns, rather than being driven by specific ethical principles or norms. The investment professionals may still invest in securities that present sustainability and/or ESG risks, including where the portfolio managers believe the potential compensation outweighs the risks identified.